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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

The application of a computerized measurement of the content analysis of natural language to the assessment of the effects of psychoactive drugs.

This article aims to answer the question whether developing technology is now capable of measuring objectively and accurately the effects of psychoactive pharmacological agents by means of computerized assessments of psychological states and traits through the analysis of content and form of people's speech. At the present time, psychopharmacological researchers involved in clinical trials rely on DSM-IV criteria and standardized self-report measures and observer rating scales to assess psychoactive drug effects. Attention is drawn to the potentially unrecognized measurement errors and relatively low interrater reliability by these methods--for example, all raters are not free of observer bias and every subject administered a drug is not equally and accurately well-informed about the self. The computerized content analysis methods tend to avoid these biases and measurement errors. A review is provided describing the Gottschalk-Gleser method of measuring psychobiological dimensions from the form and content of short (usually five-minute) speech samples of verbal behavior, generally elicited by standardized and purposely ambiguous instructions to talk about any interesting or dramatic personal life experiences. Norms have been obtained by this method of speech elicitation, adjusted for age, sex and educational level. Sections are provided covering cross-cultural and language validation research on the Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis method, the influence of medical or psychiatric illness as well as psychoactive drugs on verbal content analysis-derived scores, and the research carried out for more than 20 years computerizing this content analysis procedure through the development of artificial intelligence software enabling these measurements to be done from typescripts of speech samples on computer diskettes. A brief review deals with the general applications of this method of measurement to basic and clinical psychiatry, psychosomatic medicine, neuropsychology, the diagnostic process in a psychiatry outpatient clinic, children's mental health problems, dream research, and assessment of mental processes during PET scanning of the brain. This is followed by a review of the applications of this method of content analysis of speech to neuropsychopharmacological testing of antianxiety, antidepressive, antipsychotic, and other psychoactive drugs, as well as to pharmacokinetic variables and clinical response. This method is now in the process of being used in clinical trials in psychopharmacology and is recommended for more extensive use in this research area.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1985

Use of statistics in the Journal of School Health 1979-1983: a content analysis.

A content analysis of the statistical methods employed in the research/evaluation articles published in Volumes 49-53 of the Journal of School Health (JOSH) was performed. Questions addressed included: To what extent does JOSH publish articles having a research/evaluation theme? Does knowledge of a few basic statistical techniques provide access to the statistical components of a high percentage of the research/evaluation reports published in JOSH? Which additional, but more complex techniques are used most often by authors? Results indicated that, to have access to the statistical content of about three-fourths of the research/evaluation reports published in JOSH, a reader would have to have learned descriptive statistics, analysis of contingency tables, analysis of variance, t-tests, and multiple comparison tests. Knowledge of these and other statistical procedures might assist school health practitioners read research/evaluation reports, and adapt the findings to their respective work settings. Moreover, content analyses can be tools for assessing the state-of-the-art of a profession, as well as helping to plan for practitioners' continuing education needs.

Periodicals as Topic↗
PubMed1995

The new nutrition facts label in the print media: a content analysis.

A content analysis was conducted to evaluate the coverage of the new food labels in the print media from December 1, 1992, to August 30, 1993. We used newspaper, magazine, and health newsletter indexes to identify 59 newspaper articles, 16 magazine articles, and 7 health newsletter articles for examination. Articles were evaluated by four trained coders using a pretested coding form addressing 35 aspects of the nutrition label coverage. Twenty percent of articles were double-coded with at least 80% coder reliability. Analysis of the data indicated that health newsletters covered the topic in the most detail, followed by magazines and then newspapers. Ten of 59 (17%) newspaper articles named and defined the term percent daily value, whereas 6 of 7 (86%) health newsletter articles and 9 of 16 (56%) magazine articles provided this information. Analysis of quotes in the articles indicated that more than half of the quotes were from government and industry officials. In contrast, quotes from college and university faculty represented only 5% of total quotes and quotes from dietitians represented less than 8% of total quotes. Coders identified several errors resulting from oversimplification of complex concepts. These findings suggest that dietitians need to increase their exposure with the media and help the media translate complex nutrition labeling information to the public.

Food Labeling↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Women's health problems in soap operas: a content analysis.

A content analysis of women's health problems in network daytime serials is reported. Results indicate a preponderance of such problems as substance abuse, falls resulting in death or injury, comas or unconsciousness, mental health concerns (most notably represented by amnesia and multiple personality), concerns about AIDS, automobile accidents, being drugged, fainting, pregnancy problems, and violent acts resulting in harm. Such concerns as breast and cervical cancer and heart disease are less frequently portrayed.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1997

Content analysis of archival data.

Content analysis can be a particularly suitable method for measuring cognitive variables from archived texts. Although content analysis has been underused by clinical psychologists, there are many benefits to this strategy. Longitudinal studies can be conducted retrospectively, the range of possible research participants can be expanded to include individuals otherwise unavailable (e.g., the famous or the dead), existing data sets can be used and reused to answer new questions, and studies across cultures and across levels of analysis (individual vs. group) can be facilitated. To illustrate the use and usefulness of content analysis to measure cognitive variables, the authors focus on the examples of causal attributions and integrative complexity, describing past research and sketching future applications to clinical research and practice.

Awareness↗
PubMed2002

VANQUIS, a system for the interactive semantic content analysis and spatio-temporal query by content of videos.

Using the video metadata descriptors and data model defined in the accompanying paper (Shotton, D. M. et al. (2002) A metadata classification schema for semantic content analysis of videos. J. Microsc. 205, 33-42), we discuss how analysis of the content of scientific videos, and subsequent query by content of the resulting semantic metadata, can be enhanced by the use of an object-relational database. We illustrate this by describing VANQUIS, a Web-based prototype video analysis and query interface system for the interactive spatio-temporal analysis and subsequent query by content of videos. Using VANQUIS to generate standard SQL (structured query language) statements that address complex data types stored in an object-relational database, relationships between characters and events contained within and between videos can be identified, and the appropriate video segments containing these characters and events can be retrieved for viewing. We give examples of analysis and query implementation by using VANQUIS to analyse a biological microscopy video, and discuss the wider potential of this methodology for the analysis and query by content of videos containing more general subject matter.

Comment↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Content analysis: method, applications, and issues.

Content analysis research methodology is detailed, its procedures are described, some examples of its application are provided, and the controversial issues surrounding its use are discussed. Unlike strictly qualitative designs, content analysis has external validity as a goal. Because of its focus on human communication, content analysis offers practical applicability, promise, and relevance for research involving the practice and education of nurses and other helping professionals.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

[Possibilities of standardized qualitative content analysis].

This paper aims to develop further content analysis with reference to recent models of communication (pragmalinguistics, conversational analysis, and theory of texts). The central thesis is that any content analysis of linguistic symbols must include the conditions of their realization in the spoken discourse. Accordingly, the concepts for analyzing discourse are introduced which serve as the basis for the critique of traditional content analysis in psychotherapeutic research and indicate future perspectives. The first part presents concepts for analyzing spoken language: a model of the formal organization of speech, speech act theory, and a model for analyzing macrostructures in texts. In the second part the discoveries and problems of content analysis are discussed and evaluated with reference to these concepts.

Communication↗
PubMed1993

Qualitative content analysis: a guide to paths not taken.

Counting codes makes qualitative content analysis a controversial approach to analyzing textual data. Several decades ago, mainstream content analysis rejected qualitative content analysis on the grounds that it was not sufficiently quantitative; today, it is often charged with not being sufficiently qualitative. This article argues that qualitative content analysis is distinctively qualitative in both its approach to coding and its interpretations of counts from codes. Rather than argue over whether to do qualitative content analysis, researchers must make informed decisions about when to use it in analyzing qualitative data.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1995

India. Content analysis reveals extensive coverage of population contents in textbooks.

A content analysis undertaken on textbooks for classes I-X of Bihar, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh revealed that population-related messages are being conveyed through as many as 107 lessons in Bihar, 158 lessons in Rajasthan and 99 in Uttar Pradesh through their textbooks on languages, social sciences and science. The study further revealed that the number of lessons carrying population education contents were more in the primary level than in other school levels. This trend was the same in all the three states included in the study. The report pointed out the advantage of this finding in terms of the high drop-out rates of children at the primary stage. The study also found out that messages pertaining to population change and resource development have been conveyed through more entry points as compared to the messages on adolescence education, which found only scanty places in the textbooks. Nevertheless, the study pointed out that population-related messages on the different themes are being conveyed in all subject areas and to the students of all the three stages of school education. These themes included family size and family welfare, proper age at marriage, responsible parenthood, population change and resource development, population-related values and beliefs, status of women, and adolescence education. The study was conducted by the Population Education Unit of NCERT to find out the extent of coverage of and gaps in population-related themes being conveyed to students through the textbooks in the three states which are demographically backward.

Asia↗
PubMed1983

Diagnostic and biological implications of flow cytometric DNA content analysis in lung cancer.

Flow cytometric DNA content analysis, performed on clinical specimens from patients with lung cancer, was compared with clinical features, histological and/or cytological examination of the same specimen and, in some instances, to chromosome analysis and repeat DNA content analysis of short-term cultures. Tumors from 85% of non-small cell and 83% of small cell lung cancer patients had aneuploid DNA content; multiple aneuploid stem lines were present in 11% of patients. Comparisons with microscopic examination showed that aneuploid cells were detected in 122 of 167 clinical samples containing tumor cells and in 3 of 177 samples microscopically free of tumor. The high false-negative rate, shown to be due in large part to the presence of near-diploid tumor cells, makes single-parameter DNA analysis impractical for use in automated cytology. Short-term cultures of tumor cells, used to confirm that tumors had DNA content indistinguishable from diploid, demonstrated a single near-diploid peak on repeat DNA analysis with or without the addition of diploid lymphocytes and internal DNA standards. Chromosome banding studies showed clonal structural abnormalities with minimal numeric alterations. Survival of small cell lung cancer patients was similar for patients with near-diploid and aneuploid tumors. Cell cycle analysis could be performed in only a minority of samples, and there were no apparent differences in the proliferative fraction between lung cancer cell types. We conclude that flow cytometric DNA content analysis provides useful biological information and is a useful marker for following tumor cell cultures, but multiparameter analyses will be required for use in automated cytology and in cell kinetic studies.

DNA↗
PubMed1996

Bivariate RNA and DNA content analysis in breast carcinoma: biological significance of RNA content.

Flow cytometric studies of mammary carcinoma have been limited to DNA content analysis. Simultaneous analysis of DNA and RNA has been applied to hematological and certain solid neoplasms and has been shown to provide valuable information in the clinical assessment of these tumors. To determine whether measuring RNA content during flow cytometric analysis provides additional information in the clinical assessment of breast carcinoma, dual-parameter analysis of DNA and RNA content on freshly disaggregated breast carcinoma specimens was performed. RNA content, divided along the mean (</=1.6 and >1.6), correlated with tumor grade, histological type, hormonal status, and patient survival. DNA aneuploidy was noted in 247 (69.2%) neoplasms and correlated significantly with tumor grade and stage but not with clinical outcome. The proliferative fraction, defined as S + G2-M and dichotomized along the mean value (</=10% and >10%), correlated significantly with tumor grade, size, hormonal status, lymph node involvement, and survival. Cox's proportional hazard analysis revealed that RNA content, proliferative fraction, and tumor stage are independent prognostic indicators. Our results indicate that measurement of cellular RNA content provides additional biological information that may be useful in the clinical assessment of breast carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The Charing Cross-Cassel Focal Psychotherapy Research Project: method of content analysis.

A method of content analysis has been designed for application in brief focal psychotherapy with physically ill patients. The method is being used to study the process of therapy with patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. This paper discusses its reliability and validity in this context and suggests that it may illuminate the relevance of environmental factors to the development of the transference.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Flow cytometric DNA content analysis of paraffin-embedded tissue derived from cervical carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Flow cytometric deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content analysis has been shown to be of prognostic importance in some cancers. There have been recent reports of a prognostic importance for DNA content analysis in cervical carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We retrospectively reviewed the hospital and radiation oncology records of cervical carcinoma patients who presented between 1984-1990. RESULTS: A total of 101 archival paraffin-embedded blocks were processed, of which 77 were of technical quality for analysis. Thirty-five percent were found to be DNA content aneuploid (DNA-A) and 65% DNA content diploid (DNA-D). No statistical difference was found between the two groups in age at diagnosis, % S-phase, coefficient of variation (CV), or proliferative index (PI). A statistical difference was noted in the G2M phase between the two groups (p = 0.004). The median % S-phase was 8.4% in the DNA-D group. A statistical difference (p = 0.017) in survival was noted between the low and high % S-phase DNA-D groups. In patients who received radiation alone, high-PI patients had improved survival compared to low-PI patients. No statistical difference in survival was noted in the high % S-phase DNA-D group and DNA-A group (p = 0.28). Proportional Hazard (Cox) Regression found clinical stage the only independent prognostic indicator for survival. CONCLUSION: Flow cytometric DNA content analysis is being used more frequently in the management of different malignant tumors. Our study shows that DNA content analysis is useful in determining the prognosis and survival outcomes in cervical carcinomas and may aid in predicting outcome to certain types of treatment regimens.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed1981

Content analysis: an approach to evaluating nutritional care.

A research panel utilized content analysis techniques for quantifying the content of nutritional care plans developed by senior level dietetic students. The content was organized into six subject matter categories relevant to sociocultural and physical factors: cultural, economic, physical, psychological, religious, and social. The average score of six coders was used in determining the content. Content analysis proved to be an effective method of evaluating the content of nutritional care plans and could be further utilized in dietetic education to help dietetic students apply the theories learned in the classroom to actual patient care.

Diet↗
PubMed1985

Content analysis scales measuring psychosocial maturity in the elderly.

Content analysis scales measuring the constructs used to deal with the tasks of Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development have been devised. The scoring categories for these 16 Content Analysis Scales of Psychosocial Maturity (CASPM) are summarized. Percentile norms are provided. Evidence for the reliability and validity of the scales is examined. The CASPM percentile profiles of two elderly people are considered, as are the practical advantages of employing the scales with elderly clients.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

U.S. federally funded television public service announcements (PSAs) to prevent HIV/AIDS: a content analysis.

This article reports a content analysis of 56 English-language public service announcements (PSAs) for HIV/AIDS prevention produced since 1987 by the U.S. federal government for television broadcast. These PSAs do not lead target audiences through a logical sequence from awareness to motivation, skill building, and maintenance. The PSAs underutilize a strategy of "strategic ambiguity" to craft individual PSAs that can address the needs of and appeal to multiple target audiences, thereby directing information not only to heterosexuals, the primary target of these PSAs, but also to homosexuals and bisexuals. The PSAs largely ignore issues related to injection drug use and needle sharing. What drug-related portrayals there are focus on African American street junkies, which perpetuates racial stereotypes and fails to address occasional injection drug use. The PSAs exploit fear of HIV/AIDS to discourage drug use but do not offer drug treatment or counseling information. PSAs produced by the Clinton administration to promote condom use do not fully address key reasons why people fail to use condoms: concern about sexual pleasure, embarrassment about obtaining condoms, and lack of skills to negotiate condom use with sexual partners. Implications of these conclusions for the future of U.S. HIV/AIDS prevention are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗