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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Contraceptive practice before and after therapeutic abortion. II. Use-effectiveness of oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices.

Of 180 women who underwent therapeutic abortion in a certain period in 1977, 71.7% were unmarried and 63.9% were unmarried primigravidas. At the first follow-up visit 3 to 6 weeks postabortion 55.0% of the unmarried primigravidas chose oral contraceptives and 43.2% chose intrauterine devices (IUDs). Of the unmarried women, 25.7% chose oral contraceptives and 65.7% chose IUDs. For unmarried primigravidas the 1-year continuation rates for oral contraceptives and IUDs were 83.6% and 93.8%, respectively. For married women the figures were 55.6% for oral contraceptives and 91.3% for IUDs. The differences between use of oral contraceptives and use of IUDs in the two groups of women was not statistically significant. We recorded no contraceptive failure, but three episodes of pelvic inflammatory disease occurred among unmarried primigravidas. The results indicate a high motivation for reliable methods and a high continuation rate following therapeutic abortion. The results may also indicate that oral contraceptives and IUDs represent equivalent methods for both parous and nulliparous women.

Abortion, Therapeutic↗
PubMed1979

Oral contraception, mechanical contraception, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism: a two-year study.

The carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of 100 women using an oral contraceptive (0.5 mg norgestrel + 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol) and of 96 women using mechanical contraceptives was monitored over a 2-year period. The women had been screened for factors known to adversely affect carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Two-hour oral glucose tolerance tests were performed at 6-month intervals during the study; serum insulin was determined at the same intervals in half the women. Triglycerides, total cholesterol, free fatty acids, and body weight were also measured. The study showed no significant differences in lipid metabolism nor in weight gain between women using oral or mechanical contraceptives. After 6 months the fasting glucose of women using oral contraceptives was significantly decreased; at 120 minutes, glucose and insulin levels were significantly increased in comparison to women using mechanical contraceptives. A greater percentage of oral contraceptive users had borderline-abnormal oral glucose tolerance tests but the abnormalities did not persist in the same individuals during the study. The incidence of a pathological oral glucose tolerance with oral contraceptives was 1%.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1979

[Hormonal contraception and lipid metabolism. Prospective and retrospective studies of lipid metabolic parameters during the use of contraceptives].

Remarkable changes of several parameters of lipid metabolism were observed in a retrospective study of women, who had used different oral contraceptives for a longer time, in comparison with women without any hormonal contraception. In contrast, under the conditions of a prospective double-blind study no statistically significant alterations of the same parameters were seen under the use of two oral contraceptives different in dosage. Nevertheless, oral contraceptives should not be prescribed to patients with hyperlipidaemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Reduction in incidence of rheumatoid arthritis associated with oral contraceptives. Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study.

Analyses of the frequency of reporting of rheumatoid arthritis have been undertaken as part of the continuing major prospective survey of oral contraceptives. The rate of reporting in oral-contraceptive users (takers) is half of the rate in non-users (controls). The rates for ex-takers and controls are not materially different. The expected rise in the rate of reporting in women over 35 is apparent in controls but suppressed in takers. In the absence of any accountable bias, it is concluded that oral contraceptives protect against the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Although the effect is small, the observation may be valuable in understanding the aetiology of the disease and the mechanism of action of oral contraceptives.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Changes of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system under contraceptive steroids. Contribution to the etiology of hypertension under hormonal contraceptives].

Treatment with hormonal contraceptives leads to a considerable stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system. First of all, there is a 2,5- to 4fold increase of renin substrate synthesis in the liver. As a consequence, more angiotensin I and angiotensin II are released. Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of aldosterone in the adrenals, thus producing a higher aldosterone concentration in plasma. The urinary excretion of aldosterone is elevated to a lesser degree, probably because of the simultaneously increased binding of aldosterone to plasma proteins. The release of renin is suppressed to 50% by negative feedback mechanisms. Some possible factors in the etiology of hypertension induced by oral contraceptives are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Mortality among oral-contraceptive users. Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study.

In a large prospective study carried out in the United Kingdom, the death-rate from diseases of the circulatory system in women who had used oral contraceptives was five times that of controls who had never used them; and the death-rate in those who had taken the pill continuously for 5 years or more was ten times that of the controls. The excess deaths in oral-contraceptive users were due to a wide range of vascular conditions. The total mortality-rate in women who had ever used the pill was increased by 40%, and this was due to an increase in deaths from circulatory diseases of 1 per 5000 ever-users per year. The excess was substantially greater than the death-rate from complications of pregnancy in the controls, and was double the death-rate from accidents. The excess mortality-rate increased with age, cigarette smoking, and duration of oral contraceptive use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Definitive contraception and contraceptive responsibility (on the psychic situation in voluntary sterilization in men and women--results of psychologic-psychiatric research) (author's transl)].

Definitive contraception or voluntary sterilization in men and women has become more and more common as a final and permanent contraceptive measure. This family planning method combines all advantages of contraceptives under the psychological prerequisites: independent and free decision, clear motivation regarding the renouncement of reproduction, agreement between the partners, balanced partnership and personality, detailed advice before the operation. These prognostic criteria are derived from the author's evaluation of 73 psychologico-psychiatric series of catamneses of the past five decades in international literature.

Female↗
PubMed1978

[Problems of male contraception. 2. Male hormonal contraception, post-testicular points of attack, immunization and enzyme inhibition].

In principle control of male fertility is possible by mechanical, surgical and pharmacological methods. However, up to now only the following mechanical and surgical procedures are practicable: coitus interruptus, coitus condomatus and vasectomy. Since the safety of the latter is comparable to the pill, vasectomy is a major alternative to the contraceptive methods used by the female partner. Practical aspects of vasectomy and possible complications are reviewed. Finally, pharmacological approaches and problems involved in the control of male fertility are discussed with special reference to antispermatogenic substances, steroid hormones, immunization and enzyme inhibitors. The concept of antienzymatic contraception is based on the inhibition of penetration of enzymes (acrosin) localized within the acrosomal cap. Unfortunately, penetration of most of the acrosin inhibitors into the acrosome to inactivate acrosin is prevented by the high selectivity of the acrosomal membranes. Thus, pharmacological control of male fertility is still far from being practicable.

Acrosin↗
PubMed1978

The contraceptive effects of a new low-dose combination type oral contraceptive.

A study was carried out in 9 women volunteers to investigate the centron of 0.75 mg lynestrenol plus 0.0375 mg ethinyl oestradiol given for 22 days per cycle over a period of 6 cycles. The results of assessments of a number of hormonal, vaginal and cervical parameters showed that this combination has a two-fold effect: a central effect on the pituitary and a peripheral effect on the ovaries and on endometrial development. The findings of an effect on cervical mucus, as with higher dose combinations, were not sufficiently consistent to warrant a claim for a cervical barrier. The preparation appeared to be well tolerated but there was a high incidence of irregular bleeding in the first treatment cycle. In most of the women, however, this had corrected itself by the second cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Modification of the thrombocyte function using hormonal contraception. 1. Thrombocyte count, thrombocyte propagation and platelet aggregation under hormonal contraception].

The number of platelets, spreading and aggregation of platelets in plasma of 102 women treated with Ovosiston, an anticonceptive agent, were investigated. A significant increase of the number of platelets, spreading and aggregation of platelets was observed. Conclusions from isolated observations are not possible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The intra-uterine contraceptive device--contraceptive or abortifacient?

Further to the investigation of the possible mode of action of the intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUCD), an assay for the beta-specific subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) has detected endogenous chorionic activity 21 days after menstruation. In 22 proven ovulatory cycles, 7 patients wearing an IUCD had demonstrable serum HCG levels in 45% of these cycles. Abnormal menstruation was associated with the majority of cycles in which there was HCG in the serum. Subsequent luteolysis occurred in all cases. The results of this study may support the hypothesis that IUCD exerts its effect on the fertilized, implanted blastocyst, thus causing possible 'micro-abortion'. Caution should be exercised in the interpretation of HCG values in the follow-up of patients with hydatidiform mole or choriocarcinoma who are bearing IUCDs, since positive HCG levels may be due to an early, fertilized and implanted blastocyst and not to invasive tissue.

Adult↗