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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive failure rates based on the 1988 NSFG.

Analysis of data from the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth--corrected for the underreporting of abortion--reveals that contraceptive failure during the first year of use remains a serious problem in the United States, contributing substantially to unintended pregnancy. The pill continues to be the most effective reversible method for which data were available (8% of users accidentally became pregnant during the first year of use), followed by the condom (15%). Periodic abstinence is the method most likely to fail (26%), but accidental pregnancy is also relatively common among women using spermicides (25%). Failure rates vary more by user characteristics such as age, marital status and poverty status than by method, suggesting the extent to which failure results from improper and irregular use rather than from the inherent limitations of the method.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1976

Dynamics of contraceptive failures.

The purpose of this study was to explore the vicissitudes of contraceptive efforts and practice, and human behavior contributing to contraceptive failure. A consecutive sample of 481 women, who visited various gynecological out-patient clinics of a New York City municipal hospital between August 1974 and August 1975, served as the study population. There were 181 women with planned pregnancies and 300 women with unplanned pregnancies. The data were gathered in personal interviews. By comparison of both groups it was discovered that the women with unplanned pregnancies, because of their lower frustration tolerance level, had been led by successive difficulties related to contraceptive efforts and practice to episodic, faulty, or nonuse of technically effective contraceptive methods. Thereafter, psychological processes and mechanisms gave rise to a false sense of security, which virtually prevented them from resuming contraceptive practice. These psychological processes and mechanisms also govern other spheres of human behavior and merit systematic investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Pregnancies in the presence of copper intra-uterine devices. Hysterosalpingographic studies.

Two copper-bearing intrauterine devices--the Cu-7 and Cu-T-200--were investigated to determine why contraceptive failures occur with these devices. For this investigation, 155 multiparous women were followed up for at least 24 months after IUD insertion (T-Cu-200 in 75 cases and the Cu-7 in 80 cases). Three women using the T-Cu-200 and 5 women using the Cu-7 became pregnant during the first year. Hysterosalpingographic findings are presented for 8 of these cases and for 2 additional cases (one with each device) who became pregnant during the second year of follow-up. These indicate that uterine abnormalities and disproportions between the uterine cavity's shape and size and that of the device are the primary reasons for device displacement and partial fundal coverage leading to contraceptive failures.

Copper↗
PubMed1975

A clinical appraisal of patients following long-term contraception.

This study presents a clinical evaluation of private patients between the ages of 16 and 40 who have used contraceptive measures from January 1, 1961, through December 31, 1973. The clinical evaluation involves 3,746 private patients. The contraceptive methods of 641 patients (17 per cent) who have been bollowed for a total of 99,996 months (13 years each) are presented and analyzed. The patients are evaluated as to weight, blood pressure, pregnancy, pap smears. laboratory changes, pelvic surgery, breast surgery, incidence of cancer, contraceptive failures and changes in contraceptive practices over this span of time. This paper evaluates the role of such sociologic factors as education, religion, economic level, occupation, working status, changing marital status, age at the time of contraceptive choice, and the attitude of the husband with regard to long-term contraceptive therapy. Side effects have been well publicized. Safety has been questioned but essentially proved for the vast majority of the patients. Collected data enable some insight into the life style and motivation of the long-term contraceptive users.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Use of contraceptives prior to and after conception and exposure to other fetal hazards.

In a large prospective study, set up to determine whether reproductive outcomes are affected by prior contraceptive use, 34,344 women were recruited at their first antenatal visit and followed until pregnancy termination. This paper summarizes the study methods and describes the demographic differences between subjects who used various contraceptives shortly before conception, and those who experienced contraceptive failures. Thirty percent of the women had used oral contraceptives (OCs) during the 5 months prior to conception and 2.4% had continued using them after their LMP. IUDs had been used by 5.8% of women before conception and 1.1% after. If these rates are also true for the whole population of the U.S., they indicate that approximately 70,000 babies are born each year following pill-failures and 30,000 following failures of IUD's. Exposure to other fetal hazards was common, with 48% of pregnant women drinking alcohol, 28% smoking, and 15% receiving diagnostic X-rays. OC use was more common among smokers and drinkers, and OC failures were significantly associated with the use of anti-epileptics, aspirin, and with exposure to radiation.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Factors associated with ex-nuptial birth.

The paper examines the background to 210 live exnuptial births studied in the first phase of the Christ-church Child Development Study. The results show: 1. That nearly half of the children had been conceived within cohabiting situations. 2. That nearly one in five ex-nuptial children was the result of a planned pregnancy. 3. Maternal reactions to the birth and pregnancy varied with the mother's situation: cohabiting mothers reported considerably less adverse reaction to the birth than did non-cohabiting mothers. 4. Overall, mothers of ex-nuptial children had a fairly sophisticated appreciation of contraceptive methods. 5. One quarter of unplanned ex-nuptial pregnancies were the result of contraceptive failure and three-quarters were the result of contraceptive non-usage. 6. In common with previous findings for nuptial pregnancies, about 35 percent of unplanned ex-nuptial pregnancies were ascribed to a breakdown in the mother's pattern of usage of the contraceptive pill.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Factors associated with planned and unplanned nuptial births.

The incidence of unplanned pregnancy in a cohort of 1038 mothers of nuptial children was examined. The major findings were: (1) about one third of the pregnancies were unplanned but there was little evidence that unplanned children were unwanted; (2) there was no evidence to suggest that unplanned birth was related to poor education, low socio-economic status or lack of knowledge of contraception; (3) 40 percent of unplanned births were the result of contraceptive failure; (4) a common denominator in 38 percent of unplanned births was failure or breakdown in the woman's usage of the contraceptive pill.

Contraception↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determinants of contraceptive choice among single women in the United States.

Data from the 1983 National Survey of Unmarried Women are used to analyze characteristics that affect contraceptive decision-making among single women aged 20-29 who are exposed to the risk of pregnancy. Factors found to affect whether these women use a relatively effective method such as the pill or the IUD, use coitus-dependent methods or use no method include family structure at age 15, educational level, work status, religious affiliation, fertility relative to desired fertility, and past contraceptive failure. Bivariate analyses revealed notable differences between whites and blacks in contraceptive behavior. Multivariate analyses showed that while the decision to use a contraceptive method was somewhat affected by race, method choice was not. Overall, contraceptive decision-making was relatively unaffected by race, length of the relationship and current living arrangement.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Communication patterns and problems of pregnancy.

Communication patterns of women who had never been pregnant were compared with those of women who had two or more unplanned pregnancies. Results of a questionnaire assessing communication skills, social orientation and involvement, self-disclosure, physical accessibility, and verbal defensiveness, completed by 56 women attending family planning clinics, suggest that communicative inadequacies may contribute to repeated contraceptive failure.

Communication↗