Available contraception lowers teen birthrates.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adolescent↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Contraceptive Availability”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
A multivariate analysis of interstate variation in fertility of teenage girls.
A multiple regression model was used to determine the correlates of state-to-state variation in fertility of teenage girls. The independent variables were the abortion-t0-live birth ratio, contraception/conception ratio, racial composition, adult personal income, per cent urban population, and adult educational attainment. The model explained 69 per cent of the interstate variation in 1974 fertility. Both the racial composition and the abortion ratio were significantly (p less than .01) correlated with fertility. With 1970--1974 change in fertility as the dependent variable, the model explained 80 per cent of the variation, with income as the most strongly correlated variable. The contraception/conception ratio was also significant (p less than .01), as was racial composition (p less than .05). Factor analysis of the independent variables showed that the six variables were well accounted for by three factors representing culture/education status, abortion availability, and contraception availability. The analysis showed that utilization of both contraception and abortion was important in determining the fertility of a state's teenagers. Increased availability of publicly subsidized contraception in low income areas and increased availability of abortion in low income and rural areas might be expected to result in decreased fertility of teenage girls.
Abortion, Induced↗
Family planning availability and contraceptive practice.
Analysis of World Fertility Survey data from five countries--Colombia, Costa Rica, Korea, Malaysia and Nepal--shows that the availability of contraceptive services and supplies is a major determinant of use. In Nepal, where few women know where to obtain supplies, only two percent are contracepting. In Costa Rica, where almost all married women know an outlet nearby, 53 percent use effective methods.
Colombia↗
Survey of contraceptive services available to college students.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Contraception↗
Contraceptive choices--turning back the clock.
Contraceptive choices are being reduced rather than being expanded in many parts of the world, particularly in Western countries. Although this paper presents an Australian perspective, the concerns are shared by family planners in other countries. The reasons for this are multiple and complex and often interrelated but ultimately depend on commercial considerations. The community expectation is that an ideal contraceptive can and does exist, but the media sensationalization of contraceptive problems has given many contraceptive methods a poor image. Contraceptive availability is also affected by liability issues, which have increased the cost of product liability insurance, and medical liability insurance of health professionals, increasing both the cost of contraceptives to the individual and the availability of services such as IUD insertions and sterilization, as practitioners withdraw their services, due to cost of insurance. The cost of marketing a new contraceptive from the time the idea is first developed until it is approved for marketing also deters manufacturers from developing new contraceptives. Delays in drug evaluation procedures in many countries deters companies with already well established contraceptives from marketing them in such countries. The effect of political stands by radical feminists or consumer groups, also effect both the image and the availability of contraceptives, as can be seen with the saga of Depo-Provera, RU486 and intrauterine devices. Similarly, the moral perceptions of anti-abortion groups and health care providers is also a threat to fertility control services. Possible solutions to some of these problems are offered in the paper.
Contraception↗
New female intravaginal barrier contraceptive device. Preliminary clinical trial.
The Fem Cap, a silicone rubber cervical cap, is shaped like a sailor's hat. While its dome covers the cervix, its rim fits snugly into the vaginal fornices, and its brim adheres and conforms to the vaginal walls. A spermicidal material is applied to the cap, then it is positioned over the cervix by hand or with a special applicator. The device is removed by hand up to 48 hours after insertion, but no sooner than eight hours after intercourse. Women chosen for the trial had contraindications to or were dissatisfied with the currently available contraceptive methods. Each woman was fitted with a cap of suitable size and instructed in its use. She was then asked to note any side effects and the dates of her menses in a diary. One-hundred-twenty-one women were enrolled in the study. Five became pregnant. Of those, two reported dislodgment of the cap during intercourse; the other three admitted to non-use of the cap on several occasions. This device has proven so far to be safe, effective and acceptable to women and men. It has several advantages over the currently available barrier contraceptive devices. The silicone rubber material from which it is made is non-allergenic, durable and easy to clean. Its design fits the anatomy and accommodates physiological changes. The Fem Cap is easy to insert and remove; an applicator facilitates insertion for some women. Instruction for use of the device requires short time from the health care provider.
Adolescent↗
The quality of family planning services in rural China.
This article provides a preliminary analysis of three aspects of service quality in four rural counties in China--the availability of contraceptive methods, information given to users, and provider knowledge about methods. Contraceptive choice and characteristics of contraceptive use by women in the study areas are also examined. The data are derived from a survey carried out by the authors during 1987, under the auspices of China's State Family Planning Commission. The survey was conducted in four rural counties located in Fujian and Heilongjiang provinces. A total of 318 married women of reproductive age were randomly selected and interviewed. All family planning service sites serving the women were visited and a sample of service providers was interviewed. No shortage of contraceptives existed in any of the counties, but variations in community wealth and local procurement practices have resulted in the acquisition of an IUD with high failure rates. Although providers believe they inform women about method choices and side effects, women were poorly informed about the methods they selected. Not all providers who insert IUDs and distribute pills were knowledgeable about contraindications and side effects of the methods. Ever-use of contraception was nearly 100 percent, but most women, especially in Heilongjiang, have only used one method: the IUD or sterilization. Improvements in quality, especially in method mix, providers' level of knowledge, and the quality and quantity of information provided to users will likely improve contraceptive continuation, client satisfaction, and women's health.
China↗
Family planning programs: efforts and results, 1982-89.
According to a set of 30 indices that assess the strength of large-scale family planning programs in developing countries, a strong upward shift in effort scores occurred between 1982 and 1989. During that period, many countries established or augmented their family planning programs, and effort scores improved in all developing regions and in all four dimensions of effort--policies and stage-setting activities, service and service-related activities, record keeping and evaluation, and availability of contraceptive methods. By region, the sharpest improvement was not in East Asia, where levels were already high, but in sub-Saharan Africa, where the movement was clearly upward, from a low base. Earlier associations between program effort and fertility declines are reaffirmed, additive to the contribution of socioeconomic improvements. In order to compute scores ranging from zero to 30 for each of the 30 indices, a detailed questionnaire was sent to 4-6 respondents in each of 103 developing countries having more than one million population. Respondents included program staff, donor agency personnel, local observers, and knowledgeable foreigners. The scores indicate that developing countries are continuing to move toward more favorable policy positions and stronger implementation of action programs, with consequent fertility effects. For the fertility decline to match the medium population projections of the United Nations, however, a substantial enlargement in the number of contraceptive users is necessary, not only to compensate for the enlarging base of couples, but also to increase the proportion who use contraceptives.
Developing Countries↗
Retinoids and contraception.
The main side effect of the retinoids is teratogenicity. Every dermatologist has a moral obligation to ensure that this effect is avoided, and the present publication is aimed at helping prescribe these drugs. After a review of the key properties of each of the retinoids on the market, the different forms of contraception available and their indication in young patients undergoing retinoid treatment are discussed. Unless otherwise contraindicated, oral contraception with an estrogen-progestogen formulation is the contraceptive method of choice for women undergoing retinoid treatment. The intrauterine device (IUD) is of little or almost no relevance for young women undergoing treatment with a retinoid. IUDs are indicated in older multiparae who have practised this form of contraception before starting retinoid treatment and who refuse to take the pill. Natural and local methods of contraception are totally unsuitable for women undergoing treatment with retinoids. However, they may be used as an additional precautionary measure by IUD users.
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
Contraception for adolescents.
The two major groups of contraceptives available to adolescents are simple and prescribed methods. Of the former, spermicidal agents and condoms alone or in combination offer some protection. Of the prescribed methods, oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices offer best protection. The risk of pregnancy and the mortality and pathologic risks involved in the use of each method must be considered. The indications, contraindications and specific guidelines for prescribing contraceptives in this age group cannot be uniformly applied to all adolescents; therefore, individualization is always necessary.
Adolescent↗
Contraceptives for teenagers.
The contraceptive options suitable for teenagers are presented and discussed. Condoms have the advantage of preventing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, and oral contraceptives are probably the most effective in preventing pregnancy. Other options include the barrier contraceptives available to women, spermicides, sponges, intrauterine devices, periodic abstinence, and the morning after pill.
Adolescent↗
Tryptophan and tyrosine availability and oral contraceptives.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adult↗
Contraceptive use in young women: uptake, availability and education.
Despite increased availability of contraception and a relaxation of prescribing laws unplanned pregnancies will still occur. However when the right to life of the unborn child is enshrined in the constitution it is vital to provide adequate sex education and ensure the availability of all methods of contraception to reduce unplanned pregnancies to a minimum. This paper surveys the use of contraception prior to pregnancy in a group of unmarried mothers who delivered at a Dublin maternity hospital. It also surveys the availability of contraception from the pharmacies within the hospital's catchment area and the provision of sex education in the surrounding schools.
Adult↗
Knowledge and use of postcoital contraception: a survey among health professionals in Tower Hamlets.
The knowledge and estimated retrospective use of postcoital contraception was ascertained from health professionals in Tower Hamlets in the summer of 1988 using a postal questionnaire. Eighty five per cent of general practitioners responded and 91% of these had received requests for postcoital contraception within the previous six months. Only one third of general practitioners had information about postcoital contraception available in their surgeries. Family planning doctors and nurses had the most accurate knowledge of the method but many health professionals appeared to lack sufficient knowledge to ensure appropriate prescribing and to publicize this method to their women patients. It is concluded that if the high rate of abortion in the borough is to be reduced, health professionals as well as women need to be further educated as part of a postcoital contraception publicity campaign. Use of the term 'emergency contraception' rather than the non-medical term 'the morning after pill' may be more effective and reduce the present confusion among both groups.
Adult↗
The benefits and risks of IUD use.
Next to combination oral contraceptives (OCs), intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) are the most effect form of contraception available. IUDs require only one-time motivation, cause no systemic metabolic effects, and do not depend on continued action of the user for effectiveness. Risks, side effects and complications of this method, including expulsion, perforation pain, bleeding and infection, are reviewed.
Abortion, Septic↗
Use of birth control pills and condoms among 17-19-year-old adolescents in Norway: contraceptive versus protective behaviour?
This article addresses the relationship between sexual risk behaviour and contraceptive behaviour, and considers whether adolescents who use condoms are practising birth control or STD protective behaviour. The material comprised a representative sample of 3000 Norwegians aged 17-19 years. Data were collected by anonymous self-administered questionnaires. The response-rate was 63%. At the first sexual intercourse 51% of the adolescents used condoms and 7% birth control pills. At the most recent intercourse 31% used condoms and 38% the pill. Use of the pill was widespread among adolescents with high coital frequency and few coital partners. Use of condoms was not particularly widespread among adolescents who reported a relatively large number of coital partners. Irrespective of the number of years they had been coitally active there was no significant difference between those who intended to use condoms at the next sexual intercourse and those who did not as regards their beliefs about condoms as protection against STDs, HIV and unintended pregnancies. The results from this study indicate that the majority of adolescents who use contraception do this for protection against unintended pregnancy and not for protection against STDs. The preference for the pill may make teenagers less prepared to practise STD protective behaviour in specific situations.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Updating RU 486 development.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Abortifacient Agents, Steroidal↗
Attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy: a model of adolescents' HIV-related sexual risk behavior.
Using data from a cross-sectional, statewide survey of 1,720 Texas ninth graders in 13 school districts, a model of psychosocial predictors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related sexual risk behavior was tested. Predictor variables in the model, based on variables from the Theory of Reasoned Action and Social Learning Theory, were attitudes, norms, self-efficacy, and behavioral intentions. Attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy predicted 36.4% of the variance in the intention to limit the number of sexual partners and the same variables plus intention predicted 24.6% of the variance in number of sexual partners in the past year. Attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy regarding condom use predicted 17.0% of the variance in condom use intentions; these variables plus intentions predicted 19.0% of the variance in condom use frequency. Attitudes, norms, and intentions were directly related to the number of sexual partners, while self-efficacy ad condom use intentions were directly related to frequency of condom use.
Adolescent↗