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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1986

The ability of women to recall their oral contraceptive histories.

Self-reported contraceptive histories were obtained at interview from 99 women and compared with prospectively collected data from the Oxford-Family Planning Association cohort study. The effect of different memory aids was evaluated and an assessment was made of the completeness and accuracy of contraceptive histories recorded in general practice notes. Accuracy of recall of total duration of use was sufficiently good to establish the presence or otherwise of a duration-response relationship and could be improved by the use of a contraceptive calendar. Recall of specific brands used was less accurate. In studies where accurate information on use of particular preparations is required, the use of a photo album is recommended, supplemented by data obtained from general practice records to improve the accuracy of dates. General practice records on their own are not sufficiently complete to be used as a sole source of exposure data in studies in which it is important to obtain a complete oral contraceptive history.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Unplanned pregnancies in Harare, Zimbabwe: what is the contraceptive history and awareness of the mothers?

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to estimate the proportion of unplanned pregnancies among mothers delivering at the referral Harare Hospital and to describe their levels of contraceptive use and awareness in relation to the planning of pregnancy. DESIGN: Systematic sample of mothers who had just delivered identified through maternity delivery, records. The study was analysed as a case-referent study where cases where mothers who had unintended pregnancies and those with intended or planned pregnancies served as referents. SETTING: Postnatal wards of Harare Maternity Hospital. SUBJECTS: 923 mothers following delivery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Socio-demographic characteristics, pregnancy planning, contraceptive history and contraceptive knowledge. RESULTS: Of the 923 deliveries studied, 377 (41%) were unintended (cases), of which 9% were unwanted. Mothers aged 19 years or below (Odds ratio [OR] = 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6 to 3.7) and those aged 35 years or above (OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.8 to 5.5) were significantly more likely to report the index pregnancy as having been unintended. Nulliparous (OR = 2.4) and parity five or more (OR = 8.2) mothers were at significantly increased risk of unintended pregnancy. Mothers presenting with unintended pregnancies were also significantly more likely to be single (OR = 7.8), divorced/separated or widowed (OR = 6.0). Contraceptive ever use was 53% and 58% in cases and referents, respectively. The combined oral contraceptive pill was the most commonly known and used method of contraception. Contraceptive failure was reported by 23% of mothers with unplanned pregnancies. Previous use of the progesterone only pill (OR = 2.2), the condom (OR = 2.3) or the IUCD (OR = 6.3) were significantly associated with the likelihood of reporting with unplanned pregnancy. Mothers in both groups were concerned about contraceptive method failure, irregular menstruation and perceived subsequent infertility with contraception. Failure to discuss family planning with the male partner (OR = 2.3) or partner refusing use of contraception (OR = 2.8) constituted risk factors for unplanned pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Results point to the need for wider contraceptive counselling and provisions which encourage and involve the male partner. Programmes for reproductive health services and education should target women in identified high risk circumstances.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Validity of contraceptive histories in a rural community in Kenya.

To determine the validity of self-reported contraceptive histories obtained from rural Kenyan women, we interviewed 122 women participants in a long-term study during which their contraceptive use had been recorded regularly at clinics. Interview information was compared with each woman's clinic record. In all 71 women (58%) reported ever use of oral contraceptives, while 76 (62%) of the clinic records documented ever use. The agreement between the records and interview was reasonable (Kappa = 0.54, P < 0.001). The sensitivity of self-report of use compared to clinic records was 79%, specificity was 76%, positive and negative predictive values were 85% and 69% respectively. Ever use of injectable contraceptives (Depo-Provera) was reported by 78 (63%) women while the records showed use by 80 (65%) women (Kappa = 0.87, P < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 94%, 93%, 96%, and 89% respectively. For the intrauterine contraceptive device, ever use was reported by 18 (14.8%) women while the records showed 19 (15.6%) (Kappa = 0.90, P < 0.001). The associated sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 90%, 99%, 94% and 98% respectively. The validity of reported duration of use of each method showed a similar pattern to that of the history of ever use. The Spearman's rank correlations for the duration of use calculated from interview compared with the clinic records were for oral contraceptives r = 0.68 (P < 0.001), injectables r = 0.81 (P < 0.001) and intrauterine devices r = 0.82 (P < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of contraceptive history data in the Republic of Korea.

The consistency of retrospective and current status data on contraceptive use from a series of national fertility surveys carried out during the 1970s in Korea is investigated. Aggregate consistency is examined among random samples from the same cohort or cohorts of women interviewed in each survey. The results indicate that estimates of trends in contraceptive use from a retrospective history in one survey, or from cross-sectional estimates in a series of surveys, can each yield misleading findings. Data from the 1974 Korean National Fertility Survey (KNFS) appear to be more reliable than those from other surveys, possibly because an interval-by-interval contraceptive history was used, explicit definitions of contraceptive methods were given prior to taking the contraceptive history, and the KNFS involved longer interviewer training and, perhaps, less time pressure during interviews.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Working women and contraception: History, health, and choices.

Contraception is not a new concept. Historically, various contraceptive methods and practices have been used throughout the world. Contraception is often a topic of great interest to working women because family planning helps them balance work and home more effectively. Occupational health nurses can play a vital role in supporting these women by providing education regarding health, contraception, and contraceptive choices.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1997

Reproducibility of oral contraceptive histories and validity of hormone composition reported in a cohort of US women.

Histories of oral contraceptive (OC) use were reported by 116,686 women aged 25 to 42 years in the Nurses' Health Study II on a self-administered questionnaire accompanied by a color photo booklet of all OC preparations ever marketed in the US. To evaluate the quality of this information, we compared the responses of a randomly selected sample of 215 participants with their data from a subsequent, detailed telephone interview using a structured life events calendar. Agreement for a history of ever having used OC was high between the two methods (exact agreement 99%). Reported durations of use were equivalent (mean duration 42.7 months by telephone interview and 44.6 months by questionnaire). The Spearman correlation for duration of use calculated from the two methods was 0.94 (p < 0.0001). For a subset of women for whom we were able to obtain OC prescription records, the medical record confirmed the use of an identical or equivalent brand in 75% of intervals of reported use. Acceptably valid OC histories were obtained with a self-administered questionnaire.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Contraceptives and the conceptus. I. Chromosome abnormalities of the fetus and neonate related to maternal contraceptive history.

The chromosomes of 3080 products of conception, consisting primarily of newborn infants and medically induced abortions, were examined. These were from 3 major groups of women, those who had used oral contraceptives (primarily the combination types), those who had used nonhormonal contraceptives, and a control group of those who had not used any contraceptives. In the newborn study population, the chromosome abnormality rate was 5.4 per 1000 infants (when cases of proven hereditary involvement are excluded the figure drops to 3.6 per 1000), and in the entire induced-abortion study series it was 7.3 per 1000. These rates are very similar to those obtained in other surveys. The rate of chromosomally abnormal conceptuses increases with increasing maternal age in both the newborn and induced-abortion groups. No statistically significant relationships were found between the observed or age-adjusted rates of chromosome abnormalities and contraceptive history (P greater than .10 in all cases). The findings make it clear that the use of oral contraceptives has no large effect on the risk of having a chromosomally abnormal child although the possibility of a small increase or decrease in this risk, of at most about 10 per 1000, cannot be ruled out because of the small number of abnormalities found.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of recalled and validated oral contraceptive histories.

From a case-control study of the relation between oral contraceptives and breast cancer carried out in East Germany during 1982-1986, the authors obtained information on oral contraceptive use through interviews of study subjects and from the records of prescribing gynecologists. The degree of agreement regarding information from these two sources was assessed for 234 breast cancer cases and 524 controls who had ever used oral contraceptives. Agreement between information obtained from medical records and that from interviews on total duration of use, number of episodes of use, and time since first and last use was reasonably good, and levels of agreement did not differ appreciably between cases and controls. Lower levels of agreement were observed for individual brand names and the duration of use of specific brands. Attempts should be made to obtain information on specific brands from medical records when investigating the effects of individual preparations.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Reproductive history, contraceptives and cigarette smoke as risk factors for cancer of the thyroid in women. Case-control study].

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of the influence of hormonal and reproductive factors and the role of cigarette smoking in the onset of thyroid carcinoma. METHODS: Comparison between a group of 78 female patients all living in the district of Lazio, operated for thyroid follicular or papillary carcinoma at the Third Clinical Surgery Dept., Policlinico Umberto I, Rome (Italy) from 1990 to 1997, and a group of 150 women free from neoplastic and/or hormonal pathology, recruited by the compilation of a questionnaire. RESULTS: Cigarette smoking can be associated with risk reduction of developing thyroid neoplasia. On the contrary, no risk variation has been associated with the number of normal pregnancies, with pregnancy interruption both spontaneous and voluntary and with anthropometric characteristics of the analysed individuals. The first pregnancy at very young age and the use of contraceptives seem to determine a risk increase of thyroid cancer, at the limit of statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The antiestrogenic action of cigarette smoking exerts a protective action for thyroid carcinomas. Spontaneous or volontary interruption of pregnancy did not show a significant effect as risk factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Oral contraceptive history as a risk indicator in patients with pituitary tumors with hyperprolactinemia: a case comparison study of twenty patients.

This report presents a retrospective case comparison study of 20 hyperprolactinemic patients with pituitary adenomas treated at the Mount Sinai Hospital (1976-1079). An association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and 20 subjects with pituitary tumors was substantiated using discordant paired analysis. The comparison group consisted of appendectomy patients admitted during the same time period and matched for sex and age. The estimated relative risk was 4.0 (P less than 0.025). This study suggests that there is a significant association between OC use and pituitary tumors associated with hyperprolactinemia.

Adenoma, Chromophobe↗
PubMed2006

Contraceptive use and discontinuation: findings from the contraceptive history, initiation, and choice study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to provide insight on the continuing high rate of unintended pregnancy among adult women. STUDY DESIGN: Contracepting women were recruited while they waited for primary care appointments. A total of 369 completed the baseline questionnaire, and 145 oral contraceptive (OC) users were enrolled in a 5-week, diary-based study of adherence and sexual activity. RESULTS: Most women who reported having discontinued OCs did so because of medical side effects, and most had switched to less effective methods. Among OC users, 26.4% had sexual intercourse on days they missed pills just before or after their placebo week. Nonadherence did not differ by socioeconomic factors or obesity. CONCLUSION: Clinicians may need to encourage their patients to discuss their reasons for wanting to discontinue the use of an effective contraceptive method and assist them with their concerns or to switch to other effective methods to protect themselves from unintended pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection in university women: relationship to history, contraception, ectopy, and cervicitis.

Endocervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection was found in 13 of 162 volunteer female university students (8%). Infection was correlated with younger age (p less than 0.05), less than or equal to 4 years of intercourse (p less than 0.05), a history of gonorrhea (p less than 0.01), and exposure to a partner with urethritis (p less than 0.01). Women who used intrauterine or barrier contraception had less infection (2%) than did women who used oral contraception (14.3%, p less than 0.05) or none at all (10.7%, p less than 0.05). Infection was strongly associated with a cervicitis score calculated from erythema, ectopy, discharge, and secretions that contained white blood cells (p less than 0.0001). By multivariate analysis, a proposed clinical approach was arrived at for testing for chlamydial organisms all women with cervicitis who were not using barrier contraception. The positive predictive value of this approach for chlamydial infection was 28%, and the negative predictive value 98.4%. Cervical ectopy was increased in women who used oral contraception (p less than 0.01), and infection was increased in women with ectopy, regardless of their contraceptive method (p less than 0.001). These results will aid in more rapid diagnosis of endocervical chlamydial infection and in the choice of contraception in young women and high-prevalence groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic women: relationship to history, contraception, and cervicitis.

The presence of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen was examined in 400 endocervical samples collected from an equal number of asymptomatic sexually active women. The overall prevalence was found to be 4%, using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Chlamydia infection was correlated with younger age (5.8%, p < 0.05), a history of pelvic inflammatory disease (30%, p < 0.0001), and more than four lifetime sexual partners (7.9%, p < 0.01). Women who used oral contraception had more infections (9.7%), than did women who used the intrauterine contraceptive device (4.8%, p > 0.05), condom (0%, p < 0.01) or no contraception (3.1%, p < 0.05). Infection was strongly associated with cervical erythema (8.2%, p < 0.0001), ectopy (7%, p < 0.05), friability (20%, p < 0.0001), and endocervical discharge (100%, p < 0.0001). These results support the view that Chlamydia trachomatis infection is associated with younger age, intense sexual life, and use of oral contraceptives. Given that the majority of infected women revealed cervical pathology, the detection of chlamydia in the high-risk female population with cervical changes seems to be essential.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Risk factors associated with pelvic inflammatory disease of differing microbial etiologies.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalences of demographic, historic, and behavioral risks for pelvic inflammatory disease among women with sexually transmitted disease (STD) pelvic inflammatory disease versus those with non-STD pelvic inflammatory disease. METHODS: Subjects included patients diagnosed with acute pelvic inflammatory disease at San Francisco General Hospital between January 1, 1981 and August 20, 1989, who had been entered into clinical treatment trials. At a minimum, endocervical cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis were required for study eligibility. All but nine women also had upper reproductive tract cultures for N gonorrhoeae, C trachomatis, and anaerobic and facultative bacteria. Five hundred eighty-nine patients were included in this analysis. The medical records of study subjects enrolled between January 1981 and October 1986 were abstracted (n = 321). Subjects recruited after October 1986 were interviewed during hospitalization using a standardized data base instrument (n = 268). Independent variables examined included age, race, insurance status, education, pregnancy history, menstrual history, contraceptive history, sexual history, douching history, STD history, and pelvic inflammatory disease history. Both univariate associations and multivariate (multiple logistic regression) analysis were performed. RESULTS: An STD organism was present in 65% of pelvic inflammatory disease cases. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis were recovered from 324 (55%) and 129 (22%) of the patients, respectively. In 30% of cases only anaerobic and/or facultative bacteria were isolated. In univariate analysis of STD versus non-STD pelvic inflammatory disease, statistically significant increases in STD risks were found for the following: black race (relative risk [RR] 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.39-2.24), two or more sexual partners in the past 30 days (RR 1.25; 95% CI 1.08-1.45), no contraception (RR 1.36; 95% CI 1.18-2.57), N gonorrhoeae with previous episode of pelvic inflammatory disease (RR 1.97, 95% CI 1.39-2.80), and reported duration of pain 3 days or less (RR 1.17; 95% CI 1.02-1.35). Risks associated with non-STD pelvic inflammatory disease included: current intrauterine device (IUD) use (RR 0.25; 95% CI 0.11-0.61), history of IUD use (RR 0.82; 95% CI 0.68-0.98), and pelvic surgery in the past 30 days (RR 0.48; 95% CI 0.30-0.76). Multivariate analysis of the risks found that black race was associated with STD pelvic inflammatory disease (odds ratio 2.56; 95% CI 1.68-3.90), and current IUD use was associated with non-STD pelvic inflammatory disease (odds ratio 3.87; 95% CI 1.30-11.53). Neither univariate nor multivariate analysis identified douching as a risk differentiating STD from non-STD pelvic inflammatory disease. CONCLUSIONS: Pelvic inflammatory disease is a complex polymicrobial disease. This study demonstrates that risk factors associated with pelvic inflammatory disease cases can be differentiated by microbial etiology. We found that black race was associated with STD pelvic inflammatory disease and recent IUD use was associated with non-STD pelvic inflammatory disease.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Study on genital tract Chlamydia trachomatis and gonococcal infection in Han and minority (Naxi and Dai) women in China's two provinces.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of lower female genital tract chlamydial (GTC) and gonococcal infection in 3 different ethnic groups in China, and to analyze the risk factors influencing these infections. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey + physical and laboratory examinations. 1,800 married women aged 18-35 Han (600, from Dujiangyan city, Sichuan), Naxi (600, from Yanyuan county, Sichuan), and Dai (600, from Jinghong Prefecture, Yunnan) were investigated between March 1996 to March 1997. Information was obtained about their personal history, socioeconomic status, medical history, STDs, sexual history, contraceptive history, results of both examinations. Tabulation, t-test, Chi-square test, multiple-logistic models were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: 3.2% of Han, 12.8% of Naxi and 4.5% of Dai women tested positive for gonococci; and 9.1% of Han, 16.7% of Naxi and 27.5% of Dai women tested positive for GTC infection. The differences of GTC and gonococcal infections between Han and Naxi, and Han and Dai women were significant. CONCLUSIONS: STDs are common in China today; both GTC and gonoccocal infections are related to non-use of condom, having sexual partners other than husband, number of abortions, and low education; and condom has a function in prevention of STDs.

Adolescent↗