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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1975

[The pharmaco-kinetics of angiographic contrast media with special reference to the extra-vascular spaces. Fundamental studies on dog for the characterisation of angiographic media. I The pharmaco-kinetics of various contrast media under conditions of constant infusion (balanced flow)].

The pharmaco-kinetics of angiographic contrast media in the extra-vascular space, which are largely unknown, were investigated experimentally in dogs. As part of a basic study, using radio-active contrast media, it was possible to determine the concentration and rate of elimination in practically all organs and tissues. Measurements were carried out first after prolonged infusion of the contrast under conditions of balanced flow, and secondly six hours after the end of the infusion. It was therefore possible to determine the inflow and loss of contrast medium in various organs, or organs systems. The most commonly used angiographic contrast media in Germany were investigated. Their kinetic behaviour is largely identical, their pattern of distribution and elimination depended principally on the organ or tissue. A comprehensive discussion of the results of all the experiments will be given in the third article.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

[The pharmaco-kinetics of angiographic contrast media with special reference to the extravascular space. Experimental studies on dogs. III. Is there an entero-hepatic circulation of angiographic contrast media? A discussion summarising the results of the entire studies (author's transl)].

The presence of an entero hepatic circulation of angiographic contrast media has been demonstrated, but quantitatively it is of little importance. About 1/2% of the contrast reaching the gut in the bile is reabsorbed and after being carried through the portal vein to the liver is re-excreted in the bile. Most of the contrastcontaining bile reaching the small bowel is excreted in the faeces; nearly all of the contrast absorbed from the colon is carried through the portal vein to the liver and after reaching the circulation is excreted by the kidneys.

Angiography↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reactions to intravenous pyelography contrast media.

Reactions to contrast media used for intravenous pyelography are everyday possibilities in a radiology department, and statistics indicate that the incidence of fatalities has increased after a period of decline. The physiology of reactions and how to be prepared for them, as described here, are important parts of the technologist's knowledge.

Anaphylaxis↗

PubMed1976

[Pharmacokinetics of angiographic contrast media].

The pharmaco-kinetics of angiographic contrast media in the extravascular space, which are largely unknown, were investigated experimentally in dogs. As part of a basic study, using radio-active contrast media, it was possible to determine the concentration and rate of elimination in practically all organs and tissues. Measurements were carried out first after prolonged infusion of the contrast under conditions of balanced flow, and secondly six hours after the end of the infusion. It was therefore possible to determine the inflow and loss of contrast medium in various organs or organ systems. The most commonly used angiographic contrast media in Germany were investigated. Their kinetic behaviour is largely identical, their pattern of distribution and elimination depended principally on the organ or tissue. In another study injections were carried out through angiographic catheters in a "physiological angiographic" manner. Measurements obtained show that distribution and excretion of the contrast medium are independent of the site of injection. The kinetics of the contrast within an organ do not differ, whether it is injected selectively or not. The presence of an entero-hepatic circulation of angiographic contrast media has been demonstrated, but quantitatively it is of little importance.

Angiography↗

PubMed1975

Inhibition of active sodium transport by radiographic contrast media.

We demonstrate that salts of diatrizoate and iothalamate, radiographic contrast agents, depress the active transport of sodium in the urinary bladder of the Columbian toad, Bufo marinus. Isolated toad bladders were incubated in isotonic Ringer's solutions with isosmolar displacement of sodium chloride by contrast media in experimental solutions. Sodium transport as measured both by short-circuit current (SCC) and by isotopic sodium flux was significantly depressed in the presence of sodium diatrizoate. Sodium transport measured by SCC was significantly depressed with sodium iothalamate and meglumine iothalamate. Equimolar methylsulfate Ringer's solution did not depress SCC. Although contrast media in isotonic Ringer's solutions depressed basal SCC, the vasopressin-stimulated increment in SCC was not depressed by contrast media. Separate experiments with hyperosmolar solutions (786 mM, as utilized in angiography) demonstrated equivalent suppression of SCC by contrast media and by other solutions made hyperosmolar with glucose or sodium methylsulfate, implying a general or nonspecific effect of hyperosomolarity. Inhibition of SCC by contrast media was reversible when the agents were removed by serial changes with standard Ringer's solution. Inhibition of sodium transport by contrast media might provide a basis for studies on some of the clinical toxicities of these agents.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Acute renal failure after use of radiographic contrast media.

The nephrotoxic effects of radiographic contrast media (RCM) used for excretory urography and angiography are described in 9 patients. These effects are usually temporary and reversible, but may be permanent. Predisposing factors resulting in renal damage are identified and discussed. These include diabetes, dehydration, myelomatosis, chronic renal failure of many causes and repeated administrations of contrast media with a short period. Suggestions are made in order to reduce the incidence and severity of functional renal impairment after administration of contrast media.

Acute Kidney Injury↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Arrhythmogenic and cardiodepressive effects of contrast media on isolated rat atria.

The cardiotoxicity of four radiopaque contrast media were studied on spontaneously beating isolated rat atria in order to compare the low-osmolar non-ionic medium, metrizamide, with three other contrast media having different cation compositions. The addition of the ionic contrast media to concentrations of 28 and 84 mg I/ml induced atrial arrhythmias in the following order of potency: meglumine iothalamate greater than meglumine--Na--Ca metrizoate greater than meglumine--Na diatrizoate. No arrhythmias were observed after the addition of metrizamide. Metrizamide had only slight effects on the rate and amplitude of the atrial contractions, and hence the work index was almost unaffected. The highest concentration of the three ionic contrast media had very significant cardiodepressive effects. Meglumine iothalamate had the most severe influence on the spontaneous rate of the contractions, while meglumine--Na diatrizoate induced the greatest initial reduction in the amplitude of the contractions and the work index. The present study indicates that the low-osmolar non-ionic medium, metrizamide, is better tolerated by the myocardium than the ionic contrast media.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Nonimmunologic complement activation in normal human serum induced by radiographic contrast media.

Two different radiographic contrast media (RCM), iothalamate and iodipamide, induced the activation of several complement (C) components in normal, genetically C2-deficient and agammaglobulinemic human sera in vitro. This activation was dose dependent and demonstrable by a reduction in whole C as well as C4, C2, C3, and C5 hemolytic activities. C6, C8, and C9 hemolytic activities were unaffected. Concommitant with the loss of C3 hemolytic activity was the appearance of C3 proteolytic cleavage products that were identified by immunoelectrophoresis. Both the loss of C3 hemolytic activity and the production of C3 fragments occurred in the presence of 10 mM EDTA, indicating RCM-induced C3 cleavage occurred without participation of the multicomponent C3/C5 convertases of either the classical or alternative C pathways. Furthermore, loss of C3 hemolytic activity was not due to the direct alteration of the C3 molecule by RCM because purified C3 was unaffected upon incubation with RCM at a concentration that induced 80% reduction in the C3 hemolytic activity in normal human serum. Serum samples obtained from 40 patients, before and 30 min after undergoing i.v. pyelography, revealed no significant change in total hemolytic C activity; 34 patients received sodium and methylglucamine diatrizoate and six received sodium iothalamate. Hemolytic C3 levels were also determined for the six patients before and 30 min after administration of sodium iothalamate and no significant change in activity was detectable.

Agammaglobulinemia↗

PubMed1977

Experimental evaluation of watersoluble contrast media for myelography.

An experimental method for testing contrast media for myelography was developed and used to compare three watersoluble contrast media, iocarmate meglumine, iothalamate meglumine and metrizamide after suboccipital myelography in 120 rabbits. A further 71 rabbits served as controls. Iocarmate and iothalamate caused vigorous convulsions; metrizamide did not. Examination of the CSF revealed an acute pleocytosis after installation of the contrast media and after cisternal puncture with injection of hypertonic saline. Histological examination of the spinal cord, nerve roots and meninges revealed pathological changes in 1 or 32 unoperatec controls (3%). Leucocyte infiltrations were found in the meninges, nerve roots and spinal cord of about 20% of the animals after myelography, after cisternal puncture without injection or with injection of hypertonic saline. There were no significant quantitative differences between the experimental groups. Degenerative changes were seen only after myelography. No meningeal fibrosis was demonstrated. An abnormal leucocyte count in the primary CSF influenced the incidence of histological changes, indicating that only rabbits with CSF cell counts within normal limits should be used in future experiments.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

[On the phenomena of extravasation of contrast media in cerebral angiogram of the case of hypertensive intracerebral hematoma and their clinical significance-analysis of 14 cases (author's transl)]?

Since Westerburg (1966) reported a case of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage who showed extravasation of contrast media on the cerebral angiogram, only 21 cases demonstrated extravasation of contrast media were reported by several authors. The author experienced 14 cases of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage whose cerebral angiogram showed extravasation of contrast media. These 14 cases occupied 21.1% of 58 cases whom cerebral angiographies were performed within 24 hours after the stroke. 6 out of 14 cases were cured by evacuation of the hematoma surgically. These 14 cases were dividied into three types by the shape of extravasation of contrast media as followed: Type I showed widespread leakage of contrast media. Type II showed sash-like leakage of contrast media surrounded by diffuse thin shadow and Type III showed small spotlike leakage of contrast media. These three types indicated the arterial bleeding stage, the stage of accerelated arterial wall permeability and the subsquent venous bleeding respectively. The author concluded that these extravasation of contrast media not only demonstrated the bleeding artery but also indicated the process of the hematoma formation in each case.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Effect of x-ray contrast media on the blood coagulation and fibrinolysis systems].

The intravenous application of x-ray contrast media during arteriographies resulted in a small, statistically significant, however clinically and biologically not relevant prolongation of the thromboplastin time and of the thrombincoagulase time. Contrast media applied for the examination of the kidneys and of the gall bladder did not induce any comparable changes of coagulation parameters. In vitro addition of iodinated contrast media to citrated plasmas was inhibitory to the coagulation process. Further analysis demonstrated that contrast media did not influence coagulation by enzyme inhibition but by inhibition of fibrin polymerization. Euglobulin lysis time was not only shortened by diagnostic applications of contrast media but also by other diagnostic procedures (gastroscopies, rectoscopies, laparoscopies) which involved physical exercise and thereby activation of the fibrinolytic system. Finally it is discussed that thrombotic complications following angiographies might be induced by the punction and injury of the vessel with the liberation of thrombokinase and subendothelial collagen.

Angiography↗

PubMed1975

[Complications of selective coronary angiography and the choice of contrast media].

The incidence of side effects of two contrast media containing different amounts of sodium (Urografin 76 and Conray 70) is compared in two groups of patients (totalling 133) under-going diagnostic examination by means of a cardiac catheter and selective angiocardiography. The following results were obtained: 1. Transient ischaemic reactions were observed in 4 patients of the Urografin group. Cerebral circulation was temporarily restricted in 2 patients, but there were no sequelae. One patient with a history of repeated cardiac infarction in whom the examination was the last hope with a view to coronary surgery died immediately after the angiocardiography. 2. In the Conray 70 group, ventricular fibrillation occurred 32 times in 22 patients after a total of 155 injections. Protracted asystole was observed in 2 patients. The explanation offered for the divergent findings from the use of the two contrast media is not the different anions--the iodine hosts--, but rather the difference in the amount of sodium contained in the preparations. It is concluded from the studies that contrast media which deviate to any great extent in their sodium content from the physiological range of the blood sodium concentration are unsuitable for angiocardiography.

Angiocardiography↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of the cardiovascular responses to carotid injections of ionic and nonionic contrast media.

Selective injection of contrast media into the canine common carotid artery results in alterations in carotid flow, heart rate, and systemic arterial pressure. In this study the responses to injections of the nonionic agents metrizamide and iopamidol were compared to the responses to the ionic agents meglumine iothalamate, meglumine sodium diatrizoate, mannitol, and saline solution. Heart rate and pressure responses were smallest for metrizamide, greater for iopamidol, and greater still for the hypertonic ionic agents: responses were roughly correlated to agent osmolality. Carotid flow increased with all agents and was roughly proportional to the agent's osmolality. The exception was metrizamide which despite its lowest osmolality, produced a large increase in flow which was maintained much longer than for other agents. The total response to the nonionic agents was judged less severe than to the ionic agents; however, the responses to all agents were transient and not life threatening.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Clinical comparative study between the contrast media Biligram, Endomirabil and Biliscopin (author's transl)].

The contrast media Biligram, Endomirabil und Biliscopin are tested in comparative series in a total of 304 patients. The optimal time of exposure for visulaization of the bile ducts and gallbladder is between 60 and 90 minutes in combined filling with Biloptin and the contrast medium used. The contrast media do not differ from one another in a significant manner in respect of contrast densification. All three constrast media have low side effects for injection times of 5 minutes. The side effect quota increases with the amount of injected contrast medium. Of all three contrast media, Biliscopin has the lowest side effect quota.

Biliary Tract↗

PubMed1976

[The effect of contrast media containing iodine on selected in vitro thyroid test procedures (author's transl)].

The effect of 6 commonly used contrast media on the results of 3 different methods for determination of thyroid hormone concentration in the serum is examined in vivo. T4 determination by column chromatography proved to be very liable to distortion for contrast media. With some contrast media the Res-O-Mat-ETR test proved unreliable. T4 determination by means of protein binding analysis is not affected by contrast media in the direction of false raised values.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Effect of ionic and non-ionic contrast media on red cell aggregation in vitro.

The effect of solutions of the ionic contrast media diatrizoate, iocarmate, and metrizoate and the non-ionic metrizamide on red cell aggregation in vitro was examined. The aggregation was recorded by both microphotography and photometry in a counter-rotating rheoscope chamber. All the contrast media decreased the formation of red cell aggregates. This desaggregating ability increased with both increasing volume ratio (contrast media/blood) and with increasing osmolality of the contrast media. The desaggregating effect was also obtained with the contrast media solutions isotonic with blood. The iocarmate and diatrizoate solutions induced less reduction in red cell aggregation than the metrizoate and metrizamide solutions.

Contrast Media↗

PubMed1978

Human blood cells ultrastructural changes and mediator release after exposure to roentgenographic contrast media.

Adverse reactions to roentgenographic contrast media (RCM) are associated with the release of mediators including complement components (anaphylatoxins), histamine and serotonin. In an in vitro study of platelets and leukocytes from 20 healthy individuals, RCM-induced release of granules from basophils and platelets was correlated with the release of histamine and serotonin respectively. The release of histamine from basophils was augmented in the presence of exogenous complement; in contrast, the release of serotonin from platelets was not dependent on the addition of exogenous complement. Although individual differences were noted, iothalamate most effectively released serotonin, whereas diatrizoate most effectively released histamine.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Elimination of water-soluble contrast media from the subarachnoid space. Investigation with computer tomography.

Contrast media injected into the subarachnoid space may be eliminated in two different ways, by diffusion through the meningeal membranes or by transport through these CSF pathways. The latter mode of transport may be examined using computer assisted tomography of the head. Diffusion predominants with contrast media of low molecular weight, such as methiodal sodium. The transport through the CSF cihculation increases when contrast media of high molecular weight such as meglumine iocarmate and metrizamide are used.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗