Effects of drugs that modify brain monoamine concentrations on photoperiodically-induced testicular growth in coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).
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Animals↗
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Monoamine fluorescence in the median eminence of the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, following medial basal hypothalamic deafferentation.
Monoamine fluorescence was examined in the ventral hypothalamus of the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica after medial basal hypothalamic deafferentation. In sham-operated control birds, numerous yellow-green fluorescent fibers were observed in the median eminence and the nucleus tuberis. In the area of the paraventricular organ, a number of fluorescent fibers and cell bodies were observed. In birds with deafferented hypothalami, fluorescence disappeared both in the median eminence and the nucleus tuberis. In the area of the paraventricular organ, which was within the area of deafferentation, fluorescence of neuronal perikarya did not change, but fluorescent fibers decreased markedly in number. Disappearance of monoamine fluorescence in the median eminence and the nucleus tuberis is discussed in relation to the tanycyte absorptive function and gonadaly development.
Animals↗
The uterovaginal sperm host glands of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica): an ultrastructural and ultracytochemical study.
Ultrastructural and ultrahistochemical studies were performed on the uterovaginal sperm host glands of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The proximal parts of the glandular necks are lined by a pseudostratified epithelium, consisting of high columnar ciliated cells and small, irregular shaped, basal cells. The true glandular epithelium is composed only of columnar cells with microvilli on their luminal end. A characteristic luminal feature is a large lipid droplet in the perinuclear region. In the subplasmalemmal region numberous tubular profiles are seen which could represent a cellular resorption system. To evaluate the absorptive capacity of the uterovaginal sperm host glands, tracer studies with HRP, ferritin, lanthanum and ruthenium red were undertaken. Since between 5 min and 3 h after injection no absorption could be found with the techniques mentioned, it is suggested that phagocytosis of spermatozoa by the glandular epithelium is not likely to occur.
Absorption↗
Effect of dietary DL-ethionine and/or DL-methionine on egg laying and activities of some cytoplasmic NAD linked-dehydrogenases and NADPH-producing enzymes in liver of Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica.
The effect of dietary DL-ethionine and/or DL-methionine on egg laying, and activities of some NAD linked-dehydrogenases and NADPH-producing enzymes in liver of Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica was investigated. A 0.30% DL-ethionine plus 0.30% DL-methionine supplemented diet reversed partially the egg laying inhibited by the diet with 0.30% DL-ethionine alone. No inhibitory effect on egg laying was observed for the diet supplemented with 0.30% DL-methionine alone. In marked contrast to the decreased activity of L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, significantly increased activity of lactate dehydrogenase was obtained for quail fed the DL-ethionine, and the DL-ethionine plus the DL-methionine supplemented diet, respectively. No marked changes in activities of these three dehydrogenases were obtained for quail fed the diet supplemented with DL-methionine alone. Although decreased activity was observed for all of the four NADPH-producing enzymes in quail fed the diet supplemented with DL-ethionine alone, the DL-ethionine plus DL-methionine, the smallest decrease was obtained for NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase. The diet supplemented with DL-methionine alone induced markedly the respective activity of malic enzyme and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. These results indicate a relatively important function of NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase for NADPH-production even under DL-ethionine toxicity and suggest complicated relationships between egg production and activities of enzymes associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in quail liver.
Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
[Polymorphism of proteins in 3 strains of domestic quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)].
In three breeds of domestic quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with different zootechnical characteristics, heterozygote frequencies of egg white and serum proteins are variable. Data are briefly explained by the genetic homeostasis theory.
Alleles↗
Calcium-binding protein and calcium absorption in the laying quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).
A vitamin D3-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) has been found in the intestinal mucosa of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). This protein is similar, if not identical to that of the chick (Gallus domesticus). A similar protein fraction appears also in uterine mucosa of laying quail. Both intestinal and uterine CaBP levels are higher in laying than in non-laying quails. Uterine CaBP was higher during egg shell formation than during uterine inactivity. The slight corresponding difference in the intestinal CaBP was not significant. Intestinal calcium absorption measured with 91Y as a reference substance was higher in birds during formation of egg shell than in those with inactive uteri. The possible role of CaBP in calcium translocation is discussed.
Animals↗
The effect of prolactin on reproductive function in female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).
The anti-gonadal or anti-gonadotropic actions of prolactin in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were re-investigated. Treatment of mature regularly laying quail with 16 I.U. of ovine prolactin (NIH-P-S11) per day for 7 or 14 days caused significant (P less than .05) decreases in ovarian and oviductal weight and a reduction in egg production by the third day of treatment. The most frequent response to prolactin was complete cessation of ovulation for the duration of the experiment, but some birds showed no effects from the hormone treatment. Prolactin caused a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in body weight of the quail. Serum LH, measured during the expected time of the preovulatory LH surge, was significantly lower in birds treated with prolactin the day before sampling than in control birds. It was concluded that prolactin has a distinct anti-gonadal or anti-gonadotropic action in this species.
Animals↗
[Polychromatism in eggshell of domestic quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). III. Variability and mechanism of phenotype transmission of the dominant form].
The study of the transmission of egg shell color and pattern in the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) indicates a polygenic inheritance modality, determined by the female sex.
Animals↗
[Epistatic disequilibrium in an experimental population of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)].
In an experimental population of the japanese quail Coturnix coturnix japonica, two polymorphic ovoglobulin loci, two polymorphic esterase loci, and PGD versus G-6-PD loci are in epistatic disequilibrium. Epistatic interactions occur between structurally and physiologically very closely related proteins and enzymes.
Alleles↗
[Histotopic of glycosidases in the oviduct of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) (author's transl)].
The activities of 6 glycosidases (n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-galactosidase, alpha-fucosidase and alpha-mannosidase) in the oviduct of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were studied with histochemical methods. Alpha-galactosidase and alpha-fucosidase showed a weak to moderate activity in the surface epithelium and in most of the glands of the oviduct. A Distinct reactivity of beta-glucuronidase was observed in the surface epithelium of the whole oviduct and in the glands of the uterovaginal-region. A moderate to distinct reactivity of n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase cound be demonstrated in the epithelium and in the glands of all regions of the oviduct. The comparatively highest activity of this enzyme was found in the glands of the magnum and in the surface epithelium of the uterus. The possible functions of the glycosidases in the oviduct are discussed briefly.
Acetylglucosaminidase↗
Experimental study on the nervous connections of some diencephalic and mesencephalic nuclei in Coturnix coturnix japonica.
This work is carried out by analysing the retrograde and transneuronal retrograde degenerations appeared following a total or partial unilateral removal of the optical lobe, in Coturnix coturnix japonica newborn and adult specimens. By means of this technique we are able to contribute new information on the so far unknown nervous relationships between several mesencephalic (IO, SP+IPS, TP, PT and SpL) and diencephalic (SPC, DSOD, Rt, GLv, DLAmc and LA) nuclei and the optical tectum; we also give information, when it is possible, about the preferential target field on the optical tectum, and about the significance of the different degenerational behaviours of the thalamic GLv and DLAmc nuclei in newborn and adult subjects.
Animals↗
Utility of selected line (SEA) of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) for the discovery of new anti-atherosclerosis drugs.
A special line of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) was developed by selective breeding to screen for new drugs that are effective in either preventing or reversing atherosclerosis. By the fourth or fifth generation, approximately 95% of the males of the selected line developed aortic atherosclerosis in response to a 2% cholesterol atherogenic diet. The arterial cholesterol level was significantly elevated after 1 week on the diet and was 14 times the control level after 14 weeks. Significant macroscopic lesions developed as early as 4 weeks. Neither arterial cholesterol nor grossly visible fatty plaques regressed after return to a normal diet for 8 weeks. After 2 weeks on the atherogenic diet, both serum cholesterol and heparin precipitating lipoproteins were maximally elevated. Serum cholecterol returned to normal within 1 month after removal from the diet, and by 2 months, the heparin precipitating lipoproteins had almost returned to baseline values. The male of the selected line of Japanese quail was shown to be an economical and practical animal model for the screening of anti-atherosclerosis drugs; it is small, inexpensive, and readily develops atherosclerosis.
Animals↗
[Effect of accelerations, additional weight load and hypokinesia on protein catabolism in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)].
Activities of glutamate and xanthine dehydrogenases were measured in four groups of quails (coturnix coturnix japonica): 1) hypodynamic birds which were kept in an area which made 1/4 of the control, 2) birds exposed to an increased weight load, 3) birds exposed to 3g. and 4) control birds. The experimental birds were exposed to the above treatment for 1 to 6 hours a day during 8 days. The birds were fed on a forced basis to eliminate differences in food intake. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase was measured in the liver and that of xanthine dehydrogenase was assayed in the liver, kidneys and femoral muscle. It was found that increased gravity, weight load and hypodynamics affected the first and last stages in protein catabolism.
Acceleration↗
The folacin requirements of broiler chicks and quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).
Six experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary composition on the folacin requirement of broiler chicks and to determine the folacin requirement of growing Japanese quail. The folacin requirement of both chicks and quail could not be determined when an isolated soybean protein based diet containing 0.44 mg. folacin per kilogram was used. Dietary composition affects folacin requirement of growing broiler chicks. Three values for the folacin requirement of growing broiler chicks were determined when three different basal diets were fed. With a low-glycine, casein based diet, growth was limited more by glycine than folic acid which improved growth only at 1.69 mg./kg. When 0.7% glycine was added to this casein diet, the folacin requirement was determined to be between 0.34 and 0.49 mg./kg. diet. However, with a casein-gelatin based diet, the folacin requirement was found to be between 0.12 and 0.27 mg./kg diet. Folacin deficiency in growing Japanese quail caused poor feathering, high mortality, leg weakness and cervical paralysis. A curly-toe system was observed in coturnix chicks fed low levels of folacin and might also be a consequence of folacin deficiency. The folacin requirement of growing Japanese quail was found to be 0.30 to 0.36 mg./kg. diet when a casein-gelatin based diet was fed.
Animals↗
Light- and electron-microscopic studies on the secretory cytology of the adenohypophysis of the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica.
The effects of thyroidectomy, adrenalectomy, and castration on the pars distalis of male Japanese quail, and of injection of LH-RH on sexually inactive females, were investigated by light and electron microscopy. Correlation between light and electron microscopy was attained by use of alternate thin and thick sections. Six types of secretory cells were identified and the ultrastructural characteristics described. Putative endocrine functions have been designated on the basis of responses to experimental interventions and on other criteria. The putative STH cells are characterized by the presence of large dense secretory granules (250-300 nm) that are stained with orange-G by the trichrome method. They occur only in the caudal lobe and appear to be unchanged by castration, thyroidectomy, adrenalectomy and LH-RH injection. The putative prolactin cells are characterized by large (400-600 nm), spherical or polmorphic, dense secretory granules stainable with acid fuchsin and aniline blue; prominent Golgi apparatus and well developed endoplasmic reticulum with densely packed, regularly parallel lamellae. They are found mainly in the cephalic lobe. The prolactin cells develop some vacuolization after adrenalectomy and undergo some degeneration after castration. The ACTH cells, which are restricted to the cephalic lobe, are identified by the dense, spherical granules (250-300 nm) that are stained with acid fuchsin. After adrenalectomy, they lose their secretory granules and are transformed into large, chromophobic adrenalectomy cells. TSH cells are so designated by their response to thyroidectomy including loss of their fine secretory granules and transformation to large, vacuolated thyroidectomy cells. We have found TSH cells and thyroidectomy cells only in the cephalic lobe. Basophilic cells, considered to be gonadotropes, occur in both the cephalic and caudal lobes. The gonadotropes of the cephalic lobe appear to have slightly larger (120-200 nm) granules than the caudal lobe (120-150 nm). However, after castration, the gonadotropes in both lobes become hypertrophied and vacuolated and are transformed into mutually indistinguishable castration cells. Twenty minutes after injection with LH-RH, the gonadotropes of both lobes increase in size and number, degranulate, develop vacuoles in the cytoplasm, and appear very similar to castration cells.
Adrenalectomy↗
Surface fine structure of the subfornical organ in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica.
The surface ultrastructure of the subfornical organ (SFO) was investigated in the Japanese quail. The SFO consists of a body and a stalk. The body of the SFO can be divided into rostral and caudal parts. On the rostral part, each ependymal cell possesses a short central solitary cilium; clustered cilia are also occasionally seen. Microvilli are abundant. On the caudal part, cells with a solitary cilium are fewer in number, and clustered cilia are rarely found. Microvilli are not as abundant as on the rostral part. In addition, large bulbous protrusions, tufts of small protrusions, deep funnel-shaped hollows, small pinocytotic invaginations and possible cerebrospinal fluid-contacting axons are sporadically observed on the surface of various regions of the body. Each ependymal cell of the stalk has a wide apical surface. A central solitary cilium, microvilli and other structures are observed more rarely on the stalk than on the body, while clustered cilia are not seen on the stalk. These structures are compared with those of the mammalian SFO and further discussed in relation to the possible dipsogenic receptor function for angiotensin II.
Animals↗
Parenchymal fine structure of the subfornical organ in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica.
The parenchyma of the subfornical organ (SFO) of the Japanese quail was studied by light and electron microscopy. The SFO consists of ependymal, intermediate, and basal (perimeningeal) layers. In the intermediate layer, neurons, glial cells, and their processes are found. Axons containing dense core granules approximately 80 nm in diameter are numerous, some of which make synaptic contact with the neuronal perikarya or dendrites. Synaptic vesicles in some axons contain a dense dot in the interior after treatment with 5-hydroxydopamine. The activity of the SFO, which is probably concerned with elicitation of drinking by angiotensin II, may be regulated at least partly by afferent monoaminergic axons. Capillaries with a non-fenestrated endothelium are occasionally found in the parenchyma. The basal layer is occupied by glial processes abutting on the digitating layer of perivascular connective tissue of meningeal vessels. The endothelium of these vessels is occasionally fenestrated. Trypan blue injected systemically accumulated in the SFO, but not in the deeper areas of the brain. The absence of a blood-brain barrier is suggested in the SFO.
Animals↗
Ultrastructure of the subfornical organ of the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix.
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Animals↗