[Introductory study on cranial nerves V, VII, IX, X, XI, XII].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Accessory Nerve↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Cranial Nerves”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Cranial-nerve involvement in herpes zoster.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Accessory Nerve↗
[Clinical aspect of herpes zoster and the pathogenesis of symptomatic cranial nerve zosters].
The prognosis of shingles is generally good, however if cranial nerves are affected, the course of disease may be very serious. It is still doubtful if latent virus-in the sense of a trigger mechanism-may be activated by dental surgical interventions and cause a symptomatic herpes zoster of cranial nerves. Serious loss of teeth as an oral manifestation of shingles, with panostitis and retarded healing show the seriousness of the tissue changes. The virus can invade the plexus between the facial and trigeminal nerves and can thus travel within the same epineural sheath from one nerve to the other. It follows that in each case of a herpes zoster of cranial nerves, irrespective of location, no dental surgery should be undertaken, even in the initial stage, because - it may increase the extension of the disease along the nerves - it may cause a viraemia - it may initiate uncalled for intraoperative and postoperative complications. Therapy with high doses of antibiotics is indicated.
Aged↗
Proprioceptive afferent fibers in the cranial nerves III, IV and VI.
The purpose of the present works was to clarify whether the cranial nerves III, IV and VI carry proprioceptive afferent fibres from the extrinsic ocular muscles. In sheep the picture is now clear. The cranial nerves III, IV and VI carry many large proprioceptive fibres (12-16 micrometer) to the central nervous system. These nerves also contain many small fibres of the y-range (2-6 micrometer) which innervate the intrafusal muscle fibres in the spindles. In man the picture is still vague: most of the spindles are not typical, the large proprioceptive fibres (12-16 micrometer) and the small y-fibres (2-6 micrometer) are very few in the cranial nerves III, IV and VI. It is to be concluded that in sheep the cranial nerves III, IV and VI are not purely motor nerves to the extrinsic ocular muscles, but they also carry many of the large fibres of the proprioceptive function. In man, such large fibres are not found and the pathway of proprioceptive afferents from the orbital muscles is still not certain.
Abducens Nerve↗
Unilateral hypoglossal nerve atrophy as a late complication of radiation therapy ofhead and neck carcinoma: a report of four cases and a review of the literature on peripheral and cranial nerve damages after radiation therapy.
The case histories of four patients who developed hemiatrophy of the tongue from 3 to9 years after a course of curative radiation therapy for carcinomas of the head and neck are presented. These patients subsequently followed for from 1 1/2 to 6 years withoutlocal recurrence of the tumor, distant metastasis, or involvement of other cranial nerves, indicative of only a unilateral hypoglossal nerve atrophy. A review of the literatureshowed that peripheral and cranial nerve damages after radiation therapy have been reported for the optic nerve, hypoglossal nerve, oculomotor nerve, abducens nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, brachial plexus nerves and peripheral nerves of the extremeties. Reviewof clinical and experimental data indicated that in most cases, the damages were probably caused by extensive connective tissue fibrosis around and infiltrating the nerve trunks. Three possible types of peripheral and cranial nerve damages after radiation therapy are identified.
Cranial Nerves↗
[Paralysis of the 3d cranial nerves in diabetes and common oculomotor vascularization].
The purpose of this paper is to present explanations for various patterns of IIIrd cranial nerve involvement in diabetes mellitsus, based on its vascularisation. Three clinical cases of diabetes with numerous attacks of IIIrd nerve paralysis are reported. The following patterns were observed: (1) isolated; (2) associated with Vth nerve involvement and; (3) associated with invovlement of the Vth, IVth, VIth, and occasionally IInd and VIIth nerves. An anatomical study of IIIrd nerve vascularisation demonstrates three territories which could correspond to the 3 patterns of clinical expression. The arterial branches to the IIIrd nerve give off no collaterals in the posterior region of the circle of Willis. In the supra-cavernous region, vascularisation of the IIIrd nerve may be associated with that of the IVth. Eventually, vascularisation of the IIIrd nerve in the intracavernous region is associated with that of the Vth, IVth, VIth, and occasionally IInd and VIIth cranial nerves. Thus, a painless paralysis of the IIIrd nerve (isolated or associated only with an involvement of the IVth) would predictably be related to a vascular disturbance limited to the first or second portion of this nerve, whereas a painful paralysis of the IIIrd nerve, without or with associated involvement of other cranial nerves, would relate to a vascular distrubance in the intra-cavernous region. The anatomo-clinical relationships that have been presented: (1) support the vascular basis of IIIrd nerve paralysis in diabetes; (2) explain the various clinical patterns of IIIrd nerve involvement in that disorder and; (3) act as a model which can be applied to the study of ischemic pathology in other cranial nerves and other etiologies.
Aged↗
Tortuous vertebrobasilar arteries causing cranial nerve syndromes: screening by computed tomography.
Considerable concern with cranial nerve syndromes has often required detailed information of the relationship between the vertebrobasilar system and the brainstem. The obvious invasiveness of conventional vertebral angiography poses the question of whether computed tomography (CT) might serve as a satisfactory technique or even as a sufficient diagnostic method. During a 12 month period, 12 of 250 patients with cranial nerve syndromes were diagnosed by CT as having vertebrobasilar ectasia. This communication correlates the clinical symptomatology with angiography and CT and presents evidence that CT alone can prove satisfactory.
Adult↗
Multiple cranial nerve palsies in late metastasis of midline malignant reticulosis.
A 12-year-old man had a sudden onset of multiple cranial nerve palsies after treatment for a necrotizing lesion of the soft palate two years previously. It was thought that neurologic signs were secondary to extension of the local disease and radiation therapy to the base of the brain was begun. The patient died shortly thereafter. A diffuse atypical histiocytic lymphoma involving multiple cranial nerves, lumbosacral nerves, orbital muscles, and other organs was found on autopsy. Initial nasopharyngeal biopsy and autopsy findings were compatible with midline malignant reticulosis, a malignant lesion of the upper airway sometimes associated with metastasis. Our case is the first reported autopsy-documented case, to the best of our knowledge, of metastatic involvement of the cranial nerves in midline malignant reticulosis.
Adult↗
Malignant external otitis with multiple cranial nerve involvement.
A case of bilateral malignment external otitis with multiple cranial nerve deficits is presented. Thirty-five similar cases reported in the world literature are reviewed. All cranial nerves have been involved with the exception of the first and fourth. The resultant pseudomonas ostemyelitis may be spread extensively in these elderly diabetic patients to involve the entire base of the skull as well as other structures. The preferred treatment is long term systemic antibiotics followed by surgical intervention for plateau or further progression of disease. The overall mortality is 61 percent (22/36), a lower figure than previously reported.
Adult↗
Tumours of the fifth cranial nerve.
Tumours of the fifth cranial nerve are very rare, comprising only 0.2% of all intracranial neoplasms. The authors critically review the literature, and report on 12 personal cases of trigeminal tumours (nine neurinomas, one meningioma, one epidermoid, one osteochondroma). General pathology, symptoms, and signs are analyzed, and compared with cases from the literature. Because of their insidious onset and slow "illogical" progression of misleading symptoms, trigeminal tumours often prove to be a diagnostic challenge. As a consequence they usually reach a large size before causing sufficient symptoms to lead the patient to a neurosurgical clinic. The diagnosis is therefore likely to be made by radiological investigations. The typical radiological feature (on plain skull films, pneumoencephalography, and angiography) are described, and differential diagnosis is discussed. All the patients in the present series were operated on. Surgical procedures and postoperative results are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Cranial nerve involvement in malignant lymphoma.
A rare case of malignant lymphomas extensively invading the central nervous system is presented. Cranial nerve involvement is usually a late complication of this disease and its presentation is an ominous sign. This patient presented with symptoms and signs related to the fifth to tenth cranial nerves inclusive. He responded promptly to chemotherapy and has been followed up for 14 months without recurrence.
Cranial Nerve Neoplasms↗
Responses of the cerebral circulation to hypercapnia and hypoxia after 7th cranial nerve transection in baboons.
It has been proposed that the responses of the cerebral circulation to hypoxia, hypercapnia and hypotension may be partially mediated by an autonomic reflex with receptors in the carotid body or sinus serving as sensors and the efferent limbs being the 7th cranial nerves. Transection of the 7th cranial nerve has been reported to impair the cerebral circulatory response to isolated chemoreceptor stimulation by hypoxia and hypercapnia. To test this hypothesis we measured cerebral blood flow (CBF) by an intra-arterial 133Xe technique in 10 baboons during periods of induced hypoxia and hypercapnia, both before and after transection of the 7th cranial nerve, We found that the responses of CBF were unaltered by either unilateral or bilateral section of the nerve. Our results showing the preservation of normal CBF responses, following transection, suggest that neurogenic control of the cerebral circulation by an autonomic reflex involving the 7th nerve is unlikely.
Animals↗
[Cephalic zoster with involvement of the 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th cranial nerves].
A case of cephalic zoster with involvement of the 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th left cranial nerves is described. The anatomopathological findings are surveyed. These show that lesions are often found in several areas of the nervous system. The pathogenesis of these forms is examined, with particular reference to the mechanism of involvement of several cranial nerves. It is felt that this is primarily due to reactivation of the virus in several ganglia.
Cranial Nerves↗
[To the differential diagnosis of cranial nerve lesions: the progressive necrotising external otitis (author's transl)].
A review of necrotising external otitis, a relatively unknown and dangerous disease, brings out that, initially, it has three characteristics: a granulating necrotising ostitis of the external meatus, extreme pain and a yellowish green secretion. It is always caused by a pseudomonas infection and in almost all cases the patients suffer from diabetes mellitus. If the condition is not recognized in good time and an extensive debridement of the bone involved not performed promptly, ostomyelitis of the base of the skull may follow with involvement of cranial nerves. Severe chronic osteomyelitis of cervical vertebrae occurred in one of our cases. The neurologist must bear this disease in mind in the differential diagnosis when cranial nerves are affected because the nerve disturbances may become evident only after the local condition has subsided or the nerve deficits may be more prominent than and obscure the local ear condition. The most commonly involved nerve is the facial although there may be multiple cranial nerves involved including the third through the twelfth. If the cervical vertebrae become affected there may be nerve root lesions. A torpid meningoencephalitis may also occur. Close cooperation between otologists and neurologists is necessary to recognize and treat these conditions properly.
Aged↗
Pontine infarction manifesting as isolated cranial nerve palsies.
Isolated ipsilateral fifth, seventh, tenth and twelfth cranial nerve palsies in a 74-year-old woman were shown at autopsy to result from an inferior lateral pontine infarction. The clinical features and pathogenesis of this uncommon lesion are discussed.
Aged↗
Candida pachymeningitis with multiple cranial nerve pareses.
A 66-year-old woman complained of right-sided headache and was found to have progressive dysfunction of cranial nerves V and VIII through XII on the right side. At autopsy, there was a granulomatous pachymengitis involving the floor of the right middle and posterior cranial fossae due to Candida tropicalis infection. Inflammatory tissue compressed the clinically affected cranial nerves.
Aged↗
Histoenzymological analysis of mesencephalic auditory, tegmental and cranial nerve nuclei in the frog (Rana tigrina).
The distributions of acid and alkaline phosphatases, 5-nucleotidase, ATPase, non-specific esterase, specific cholinesterase, succinic dehydrogenase and beta-galactosidase are described in the mesencephalic auditory, tegmental and cranial nerve nuclei of the frog (Rana tigrina). The main results of the study are as follows: The laminar, principal, and magnocellular nuclei of the torus semicircularis, which are associated with auditory functions, show intense activity of specific cholinesterase. On the other hand, the commissural and subependymal mid-line nuclei, whose functions are doubtful, show a complete lack of this enzyme. The nucleus isthmi shows intense acid phosphatase, ATPase, non-specific esterase, specific cholinesterase and succinic dehydrogenase activities. Non-specific esterase is virtually absent from all the areas studied except the nucleus isthmi and the 3rd and 4th cranial nerve nuclei. Most of the commissures and fibre tracts show intense activity for beta-galactosidase and 5-nucleotidase. The possible roles of these enzymes in glycolipid and myelin metabolism are discussed.
Animals↗
Radiation-induced cranial nerve palsy.
Twenty-five patients with 35 cranial nerve palsies were seen at the Fondation Curie during follow-up after radical radiotherapy for head and neck tumors. The twelfth nerve was involved in 19 cases, the tenth in nine, and the eleventh in five; the fifth and second nerves were involved once each and in the same patient. The twelfth nerve was involved alone in 16 patients and the tenth nerve alone in three, with multiple nerves involved in the remaining six patients. The palsy was noted from 12 to 145 months after diagnosis of the tumor. The latency period could be correlated with dose so that the least square fit equation representing NSD vs delay in NSD = 2598 - Delay (in months) X 4.6, with a correlation coefficient of -0.58. The distinction between tumor recurrence and radiation-induced nerve palsy is critical. It can often be inferred from the latency period but must be confirmed by observation over a period of time.
Accessory Nerve↗