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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Predictors of out-of-home placement of children with severe handicaps: a cross-sectional analysis.

In previous cross-sectional studies of out-of-home placement, wide ranges of age and levels of retardation were used. In contrast, we employed a sample restricted to severely and profoundly mentally retarded children under 18 years. Predictor variables examined included child age, maladaptive behavior, adaptive behavior, and presence of multiple handicaps. Different patterns of results were observed when groups of severely and profoundly retarded persons were analyzed separately and combined. Findings suggest that variables other than child characteristics should be included in analyses of the placement decision for children at high risk of placement.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Incidence of compensatory enlargement and paradoxical shrinkage of coronary arteries in presence of atherosclerotic lesions: an intracoronary ultrasound study based on multiple cross-section analysis per artery.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) the incidence of compensatory enlargement and paradoxical shrinkage in 50 de novo coronary lesions, using two different approaches: 1) a single cross-section analysis and 2) a multiple cross-section analysis per artery. A 3-D IVUS system based on contour detection of lumen and plaque was applied (image acquisition speed: 0.5 mm/s, digitization rate: 5 images/s). In each cross section, we determined: 1) the lumen area (LA), 2) the external elastic membrane area (EEMA), 3) the plaque+media complex (p+m), 4) the relative EEMA = cross section EEMA/reference EEMA, 5) the relative p+m area = cross-section p+m area/reference p+m area, 6) the lumen area stenosis: 1-(cross-section LA/reference LA). In the single cross-section analysis, compensatory vessel enlargement was defined as narrowest EEMA > reference EEMA, and paradoxical vessel constriction as narrowest EEMA < reference EEMA. In the multiple cross-section analysis, compensatory vessel enlargement was defined as the presence of a significant positive correlation between relative EEMA and relative p+m area and paradoxical vessel constriction as a significant negative correlation between relative EEMA and lumen area stenosis. RESULTS: In the single cross-section analysis, compensatory vessel enlargement and paradoxical constriction occurred in 58 and 42% of cases respectively. The multiple cross-section per artery analysis showed compensatory vessel enlargement in 80% of cases and paradoxical constriction in 36% of cases and revealed the combination of compensatory enlargement with paradoxical constriction in 22% of the analyzed segments. CONCLUSIONS: Compensatory enlargement of coronary arteries was underestimated by the single cross-section analysis and was observed in 80% of cases when a multiple cross-section per artery analysis was applied. Paradoxical shrinkage was less common and often occurred in combination with compensatory enlargement within the same analyzed segment.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cross-sectional analysis of triplet birth weight.

Parameters of fetal growth in triplet gestations are poorly studied and controversial. A cross-sectional analysis of triplet birth weight was performed to elucidate fetal growth patterns. Birth weight and gestational age data were analyzed on 580 infants in 196 triplet sets (eight stillborn infants excluded) between 1985 and 1988. Ovulation induction was used in approximately one half the gestations and early obstetric and ultrasonographic dating was available in all pregnancies. The mean triplet set and individual triplet weights versus gestational age were calculated with distinctly linear growth displayed between 22 to 38 weeks' gestation. Mean intratriplet differences at all gestational ages were determined. A comparison of singleton and triplet growth curves was constructed to show the distinct growth characteristics of triplets.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1994

Cross-sectional analysis of the differences between patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in England, Brazil and Sweden.

This study is a cross-sectional analysis of the differences between SLE outpatients seen in Rheumatology departments at University centres in England, Brazil and Sweden, using a standard protocol. The demographic characteristics, extent and activity of disease of 209 patients with SLE were studied; 112 patients were seen in England, 33 in Brazil and 64 in Sweden. The median age of disease onset of Brazilian and English patients was 25 years and of Swedish patients 31.5 years. Disease activity was measured by the BILAG index. In most systems Brazilian patients experienced more activity than English patients and English patients more activity than Swedish patients. Non-Caucasians experienced more active disease than Caucasians. No sex or occupational differences were observed in disease activity. English patients were the most likely to have experienced photosensitivity, oral ulcers and haematological disorders, Brazilian patients renal disorders and Swedish patients discoid rashes. Brazilian patients were the most likely to be prescribed only one drug for treatment of SLE and to be taking steroids and the highest dose of steroids, in contrast to the European patients who were often prescribed steroids and an antimalarial agent or azathioprine. The results of this cross-sectional assessment of disease activity using a standardized instrument indicate that there are real differences in the extent and degree of activity of SLE in different national groups. This reflects a combination of genetic, environmental and social influences on disease expression and has implications for treatment and monitoring of SLE patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Cell-mediated immunity in pregnancy evaluated using lymphocyte transformation tests and rosette tests for T and B lymphocytes. A cross-section analysis.

In vitro tests of cellular immune response using lymphocyte transformation tests and rosette tests for T and B lymphocytes were studied in a cross-section analysis of a total of 55 patients in six groups (non-pregnant, 2-3 month pregnant, 4-5 month pregnant, 6-7 month pregnant, at parturition and 3 months after parturition). No pregnancy-related changes were found in the numbers of T, B or nil cells, nor changes in PHA, PWM or MLC responses. However, a significant reversible depression of the PPD response was found in the second half of pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Cellular immunity in pregnancy: blast transformation and rosette formation of maternal T and B lymphocytes: A cross-section analysis.

In vitro tests of cellular immune responses, using lymphocyte transformation tests and rosette tests for T and B lymphocytes, were studied in a cross-section analysis of a total of fifty-five patients in six groups (non-pregnant, 2--3 months pregnant, 4--5 months pregnant, 6--7 months pregnant, at parturition and 3 months after parturition). No pregnancy-related changes were found in the numbers of T, B or null cells, nor changes in PHA, PWM or MLC responses, but a significant reversible depression of the PPD response was found in the second half of pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Comparison of longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis: maternal age and stillbirth ratio.

Previous studies have reported a U or J shaped association between stillbirth ratio and maternal age and have led to attempts to determine the causes behind the association. These analyses have generally been based on cross-sectional data. This study contrasts the descriptions of the association resulting from cross-sectional and the more appropriate longitudinal analysis of the same body of data. It is concluded that cross-sectional analysis substantially underestimates the maternal age of which stillbirth ratio reaches a minimum for each birth order examined. Additionally, the basic shape of the relationship is sometimes altered. Weighted logistic polynomial regression is used to describe the associations. Traditional interpretations of the results of a cross-sectional analysis have been that women who postpone childbearing until the late twenties thereby increase their risk of stillbirth. A consequence of the present findings is the rejection of the claim that women who choose employment during the period of their early twenties automatically incur elevated risk of stillbirth in their postponed pregnancies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The consequences and costs of maternal substance abuse in New York City. A pooled time-series, cross-section analysis.

We use a pooled time-series cross-section of live births in New York City between 1980 and 1989 to investigate the dramatic rise in low birthweight, especially among Blacks, that occurred in the mid 1980s. After controlling for other risk factors, we estimate that the number of excess low birthweight births attributable to illicit substance abuse over this period ranged from approximately 1,482 to 3,359. The increase represents between 3.2 and 7.3% of all LBW over the period resulting in excess neonatal admission costs of between $18 and $41 million.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1995

Ultramicrotomy of diamond films for TEM cross-section analysis.

Ultramicrotomy has been used to prepare TEM cross-sections of typical hard dielectric, semiconductor, and metal coatings, providing a critical capability in the study of structure-property relationships of thin films. Ultramicrotomy of thin film coatings requires meticulous attention to technique and handling. The sample to be microtomed must be very small, well bonded to the epoxy embedding medium, and precisely oriented. In this article we report the ability to microtome TEM cross-sections of diamond and cubic boron-nitride (cBN) coatings.

Diamond↗
PubMed1990

Why birds kill: cross-sectional analysis of U.S. Air Force bird strike data.

In the past, bird strikes have been analyzed in an effort to reduce costs by reducing strikes. No one has evaluated bird strike data from the perspective of injury prevention and the cost in human lives. This is a cross-sectional analysis of 22,423 bird strikes reported in the U.S. Air Force in 1974-88. Summary statistics revealed patterns previously reported by others. Relative risk analysis of fatal and injurious bird strikes revealed several statistically significant associations. Fatal or injurious outcomes were associated with strikes in the F-4 and B-1. In addition, windshield penetration was likely to cause death or injury. Flying on a bombing range or flying at speeds greater than 556 km/h (300 knots indicated airspeed) were also more likely to lead to a serious outcome. This analysis can be used as an adjunct to previous analytical methods and, I hope, can provide insight into more focused strategies for saving both lives and aircraft.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed2025

Health conditions in adults with atrial fibrillation compared with the general population: a population-based cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) prevalence is rising due to population ageing and comorbidity is an increasing problem. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and association of coexisting health conditions among adults with AF in the general population. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) primary care electronic medical records in England linked to hospital admissions as of 30 November 2015. CPRD is broadly representative of the UK general population in terms of age, sex and ethnicity. We estimated prevalence and used logistic regression examining risk factors of age, sex and socioeconomic status (SES) to compare prevalence of 252 physical and mental health conditions and 23 higher level health condition groups in adults with AF compared with adults without AF. RESULTS: 34&#x2009;338 adults with AF (57% male; 83% &#x2265;65 years) and 907&#x2009;739 without AF (49% male; 23% &#x2265;65 years) were identified. Adjusted for age and sex, adults with AF were significantly more likely to have 20/23 (87%) health condition groups than adults without AF. The most prevalent health condition groups in adults with AF were cardiovascular (prevalence of 89% in adults with AF vs 26% in adults without AF, adjusted OR (aOR) 5.82, 95% CI 5.60 to 6.05), gastrointestinal (62% vs 37%, aOR 1.34, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.38) and orthopaedic (58% vs 24%, aOR 1.32, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.35). 151/252 individual conditions were significantly more common in adults with AF including cardiovascular conditions such as cardiomyopathy (4.5% vs 0.3%, aOR 9.58, 95% CI 8.88 to 10.35) and heart failure (18% vs 0.7%, aOR 9.07, 95% CI 8.70 to 9.46), and non-cardiovascular conditions such as pleural effusion (16% vs 1.8%, aOR 3.55, 95% CI 3.42 to 3.67) and oesophageal malignancy (0.3% vs 0.0%, aOR 2.14, 95% CI 1.69 to 2.70). Associations were similar after SES adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: While cardiovascular conditions are highly prevalent and strongly associated with AF, a wide spectrum of non-cardiovascular conditions were also strongly associated, requiring a greater understanding of managing comorbid conditions with management principles contradictory to AF.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

Relationships between usual nutrient intake and bone-mineral content of women 35-65 years of age: longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis.

In a 4-yr clinical trial, effect on single-photon absorptiometric measurements of arm bones of usual intakes of energy and 14 nutrients plus vitamin-mineral supplements was studied in 99 women, aged 35-65, randomly assigned to placebo (NS) or calcium-supplemented (1.5 g)(S) groups. Cross-sectional analysis of initial bone measurements showed vitamin C (r = 0.313, p less than 0.05) and niacin (r = 0.353, p less than 0.01) correlated with ulna in postmenopausal subjects (n = 67). Longitudinal analysis of bone-change rates of postmenopausal subjects (NS + S) showed higher calcium intakes associated with lower loss rates of humerus bone-mineral content (BMC) (r = 0.360, p less than 0.01). In postmenopausal NS but not S subjects, energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and folate correlate significantly with change in radius BMC; high levels of intake correlated with slower loss (p less than 0.05). Several nutrients besides calcium are related to bone loss in women.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Pulsatile versus steady component of blood pressure: a cross-sectional analysis and a prospective analysis on cardiovascular mortality.

Studies on the prognostic significance of blood pressure on cardiovascular disease have essentially investigated the levels of diastolic or systolic blood pressure. However, blood pressure may also be divided into two other components: steady (mean arterial pressure) and pulsatile (pulse arterial pressure). The relations of these two components with cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular mortality were investigated in 18,336 men and 9,351 women aged 40-69 years, who were followed up for a mean period of 9.5 years. However, the interpretation of the relations is complicated by the strong correlation existing between these two components. A principal component analysis was performed to obtain two independent parameters: a steady and a pulsatile component index, strongly correlated with mean and pulse arterial pressure, respectively. In the cross-sectional analysis, relations were stronger with the steady component index than with the pulsatile component index; an association was found between left ventricular hypertrophy and the pulsatile component index in both sexes. The survival analysis was not performed in women under 55 as only 11 cardiovascular deaths occurred in this group. The steady component index was a strong prognostic factor of all types of cardiovascular death in both sexes. In women, the pulsatile component index was positively correlated to death from coronary artery disease and inversely correlated to stroke. In conclusion, the steady component of blood pressure is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular death in both sexes; the pulsatile component could be a risk factor independent of the steady component in women older than 55 years.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

International cross-section analysis of the determination of mortality.

An essential ingredient in the evaluation of policies concerning health services is knowledge of the impact of health services and other factors on the health of the population. One method of obtaining this information is from the regression analysis of international cross-section data on mortality rates, health service provision, income levels, consumption patterns, and other variables hypothesised to affect population health. The investigation of the determinants of population health is in many ways akin to the estimation of production functions which describe the relationship between the output of goods or services and the mix of inputs used in their production. The purpose of our paper is to use this analogy to discuss, and provide examples of, the problems which arise with the statistical investigation of mortality rates. Issues raised include simultaneous equation bias, multicollinearity, selection of explanatory variables, omitted variable bias, definition and measurement of variables, functional forms, lagged relationships and temporal stability. These problems are illustrated by replication and re-analysis, using new data, of the well known study by Cochrane, St Leger and Moore.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Lung function of welders of zinc-coated mild steel: cross-sectional analysis and changes over five consecutive work shifts.

Spirometric lung-function measurements were conducted 5 days before and after the work shift of 11 welders of zinc-coated steel, ten nonwelders who were indirectly exposed to welding fumes, and 17 controls. The exposure to dust and zinc of all participants was monitored personally using PAS-6 samplers. Geometric mean concentrations for welders were 0.91 mg/m3 (dust) and 34.0 micrograms/m3 (zinc). Cross-sectional analysis of Monday morning values showed no differences in lung-function parameters between groups. However, the number of years the participants were engaged in welding was of borderline statistical significance and correlated negatively with values of FEV1 and FEV1/FVC. Changes in lung function over a work shift or a working week were not related to the exposure level.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Dietary fat in relation to body fat and intraabdominal adipose tissue: a cross-sectional analysis.

Numerous studies report positive links between dietary fat and adiposity. However, the relation between fat intake and intraabdominal adipose tissue (IAAT), a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, is not known. We therefore evaluated the association between dietary fat and adipose tissue stores in 135 white men aged 44 +/- 10 y (mean+/- SD: weight, 86 +/- 14 kg; body fat, 23 +/- 8%) and in 214 white women aged 45 +/- 14 y (weight, 64 +/- 12 kg; body fat, 33 +/- 10%). Dietary intake was estimated from 3-d food records, body composition from hydrostatic weighing, IAAT and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT) by computed tomography, and physical activity by using the Baecke Questionnaire. After adjustment for fat-free mass, sex, age, physical activity, and nonfat energy intake, fat intake was weakly correlated with fat mass, explaining only 2% of the variance (partial R2 = 0.018, P < 0.01). In a separate model that evaluated type of fat, saturated fat was positively related (partial R2 = 0.025, P < 0.01) to fat mass after adjustment for fat-free mass, sex, age, physical activity, and nonfat energy intake whereas polyunsaturated fat intake was negatively related (partial R2 = 0.007, P = 0.056). On the basis of partial correlation analyses, dietary fat was also associated with SCAAT adjusted for nonfat energy intake and IAAT (partial R2 = 0.014, P < 0.01), but not IAAT adjusted for nonfat energy intake and SCAAT. However, the association between dietary fat and adjusted SCAAT was not significant after further adjustment for sex, age, and physical activity. Thus, results of this cross-sectional analysis suggest that dietary fat independently plays a very minor role in increasing overall adiposity and does not specifically influence fat accretion in the intraabdominal region.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between national guideline recommended asthma drug therapy and emergency/hospital use within a managed care population.

BACKGROUND: Nationally recognized clinical guidelines provide recommended therapies for the treatment of asthma. Research demonstrating the impact of guideline recommended drug therapy on utilization [emergency department (ED) and hospitalizations] is beneficial when considering these guidelines for managing asthmatics within a managed care setting. OBJECTIVE: The purpose is to determine the relationship between ED/hospital claims and selected asthma drug therapies as recommended by the National Asthma Education Program Expert Panel and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/ World Health Organization Workshop. METHODS: The analysis is a retrospective, cross-sectional study within a managed care organization (MCO), serving 359,464 patients in the state of Florida. Asthma patients from all lines of business (Medicaid, Medicare, commercial) were stratified into subgroups based on the type of drug therapy utilized. Members included were those identified as having at least one prescription filled for an asthma medication between January 1, 1995 and June 30, 1995 and at least six consecutive months of enrollment within the health plan. Pharmacy and medical claims data were collected over a 1.5-year study period (January 1, 1995 through June 30, 1996) to assure follow-up on utilization was at a minimum 6 months and maximum 1.5 years. Outcomes were measured based on patient utilization of tertiary medical services (asthma-related ED and hospital visits) through claims. RESULTS: Total membership within the Florida MCO, reflected 359,464 members of whom 5.2% were identified as asthmatic. The asthma members were reviewed based on pharmacy claims data, identifying 26.2% of the members utilizing inhaled corticosteroids concomitantly with a short-acting beta2-agonist. Upon further review of this subset, 85% were utilizing short-acting beta2-agonists in quantities at or below recommended dosages. Patients not utilizing the beta2-agonist therapy according to the recommended dosing guidelines had a significantly higher incidence (P = .001) of ED and hospital use. The remaining asthma population was reviewed, identifying 33.2% of the members utilizing short-acting beta2-agonists alone. This subset revealed 97.6% were utilizing therapy according to the beta2-agonist dosing guidelines. Patients not utilizing the beta2-agonist therapy according to dosing guidelines had a significantly higher incidence (P = .016) of ED and hospital use. CONCLUSION: Assessment of asthma therapy in a managed care population demonstrates that there is a lower proportionate use of the ED and hospital in those patients treated in accordance to the asthma guideline recommendations.

Administration, Inhalation↗