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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Main causes of major mental handicap: prevalence and epidemiology.

The prevalence of educational subnormality of a severe form (between 3 and 3.6 per thousand children of school age) and the prevalence of cerebral palsy (between 2 and 2.4 per thousand) have been fairly stable up to recent years. This stability has also applied to the relative proportions of the different major causes contributing to the handicaps. Where the ascertainment of such conditions is good, their prevalence monitored and the life expectancy of affected individuals estimated, any changes in prevalence can be used to measure the effectiveness of new forms of prevention, or alternatively to indicate the existence of new environmental hazards. Only a multi-pronged campaign against many of the recognized causes will have a substantial impact on prevalence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Color categories in macaques.

This experiment investigated whether macaque monkeys partition the photic spectrum into the same four basic hue categories that humans do, i.e., blue, green, yellow, and red. Monkeys were trained to respond in the presence of one chromatic stimulus and were tested, in extinction, for generalization to others. In extinction, the monkeys responded at similar and high levels to stimuli that fell in the same basic human hue category as the training stimulus and at similar and much lower levels to stimuli that fell in a different human hue category from the training stimulus. It was concluded that macaques and humans categorize the spectrum in a similar fashion.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Walking Together: A Cross-Cultural Study of the Relationship Between Religiosity and Substance Use Disorder.

The literature suggests that religiosity is a protective factor for substance use. However, individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) may actively cultivate their religiosity during substance use. This qualitative study analyzed the perceptions and meanings homeless people attribute to their substance use trajectories and religiosity, as well as the potential connections between these two themes. The analysis was conducted based on the content analysis technique proposed by Bardin. A total of 40 semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 Brazilian and 20 Portuguese participants. The present study found that religiosity can play a role in the substance use trajectory and the development of SUD by offering a subjective sense of protection, serving as a marker for the need for change, or providing relief from the suffering associated with SUD. We discuss how homeless people with SUD experience religiosity and how religious aspects traditionally seen as protective in the literature, such as church attendance, may paradoxically become risk factors for these socially vulnerable populations.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cerebral atherosclerosis and its relationship to selected diseases in Nigerians: a pathological study.

Factors which are known to be associated with cerebral atherosclerosis were evaluated in Nigerian Africans. Of 465 autopsied adult Nigerians, 62 (13%) had cerebral atherosclerosis. The frequency and severity of atherosclerosis among Nigerians with hypertension, particularly male subjects, were higher than in normotensives. Although there was a similar frequency of hypertension among autopsied Nigerian and Minnesota Caucasian populations, the severity and extent of atherosclerosis were greater in the Minnesota Caucasian populations, the severity and extent of atherosclerosis were greater in the Minnesota population. The relatively short duration of hypertension in the Nigerian before death might be an important factor which did not permit progressive development of cerebral atherosclerosis. Other factors which predisposed the Nigerian to increased frequency and severity of atherosclerosis included increased heart weight and diabetes mellitus. The relatively low frequency of cerebrovascular disease in the Nigerian may be explained on the basis of a low degree of cerebral atherosclerosis and relatively short duration of hypertension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Comment on "personality organization as an aspect of back pain in a medical setting".

The methodology and results of a recent investigation by Louks, Freeman, and Calsyn (1978) are reviewed. It is demonstrated that the results may have been confounded by inappropriate experimental procedures. Regardless of the methodological deficiencies associated with the experimental procedures, the results do not provide adequate support for the continued differentiation of individual low back pain patients with respect to the etiology of their pain. It is suggested that psychologists may best contribute to the assessment and treatment of individual pain patients by developing actuarial rules regarding the pain-related behavioral characteristics shared by members of various patient subgroups and the specific treatments to which subgroup members best respond.

Back Pain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Criminal justice and psychiatry: a study of the pattern of criminality in Ibadan division.

Two thousand, one hundred and fifty-eight offenders committed for trial at the Ibadan Magistrate courts between 1974 and 1975 were reviewed. A preponderance of males (95.9%) and young adults (81% less than 40 years) was found in the population of the offenders. A decline in criminal offences was found with increase in age. Stealing was found to be the commonest crime and it was about half (49%) of the total offences. There were significant increases in fraud and assault between 1974 and 1975. Within the 2 years, only cases of homicide (twenty-three out of seventy-one cases) were referred for psychiatric assessment. Attempted suicide and drug abuse were not referred. It was concluded that psychiatric cases can commit any form of crime and that where the sanity of a criminal, whatever the type, is doubted, he should be referred for psychiatric evaluation.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The dysfunction of DSM-II (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders).

The task of seeking alternatives to a classification system such as DSM-II that will maximize its benefits and minimize its limitation is a complex and arduous one. There are no clear-cut answers. Certain issues had been elaborated on here. The task at hand is one that must be approached on a multiprofessional basis seeking to integrate a variety of theoretical bases into a functional conceptual framework that will accomplish the purpose of a classification scheme. There is also need to conduct systematic data collection in an effort to determine operational definitions related to the phenomenon that is being studied. There is a movement by some professionals to have more emphasis placed on the social functioning level of the individual and his significant othersmif a concerted effort is not begun to look at this problem it will remain unchanged for the most part or other interested professionals will have changed it with little impact from nursing.

Age Factors↗