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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Cryptorchidism: a prospective study of 7500 consecutive male births, 1984-8. John Radcliffe Hospital Cryptorchidism Study Group.

A total of 7441 boys were examined for cryptorchidism at birth and, if present, again at 3 months of age. After excluding boys with severe congenital malformations noted at birth, the cryptorchidism rates at 3 months in babies weighing less than 2000 g, 2000-2499 g, and greater than or equal to 2500 g were 7.7%, 2.5%, and 1.41% respectively. The overall rate was 1.55%. The cryptorchidism rate at birth had increased by 35.1% and at 3 months by 92.7%, over Scorer's rates in the 1950s. Part of these increases may be attributable to differences in neonatal mortality, but the increases in babies weighing 2500 g or more of 50.2% at birth and 77.4% at 3 months are unlikely to be overestimates. At birth 1.92% of boys had bilateral cryptorchidism and 3.0% unilateral cryptorchidism. Boys with cryptorchidism at 3 months were more likely to have hypospadias, a small scrotum, and poor scrotal rugation compared with boys having normally descended testes at birth. Factors predicting descent by 3 months in babies cryptorchid at birth are birth weight, laterality and scrotal size, babies with low birth weight, bilateral cryptorchidism, and normal scrotal size being more likely to have normally descended testes by 3 months. Descent by 3 months was more likely the lower the testis along the normal pathway of descent. The orchidopexy rate at an average age of 3 years was 1.24%. This is substantially lower than in other series and lower than our estimated rate of 2.9% using Hospital In-Patient Enquiry data for England and Wales.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1976

Hypophyso-gonadal function in the cryptorchid child: differences between unilateral and bilateral cryptorchids.

In 22 normal boys, 33 unilateral and 14 bilateral cryptorchids, a gonadal function test (2000 IU of HCG im each day for three days and assays of plasma testosterone and plasma oestradiol-17beta before and after the HCG administration) as well as an LH-RH test were carried out. In 60% of the cases, both normal and cryptorchid boys, plasma oestradiol-17beta (both in basal conditions and after stimulus) were found to be less than the sensitivity (5 pg/ml) of the method, While the plasma testosterone was similar under basal conditions in the three groups of children, after HCG it was significantly lower than the mean value of the control group only in the bilateral cryptorchids. The testosterone levels, both under basal conditions and after stimulus, are correlated to bone age only in the normal boys and in the unilateral cryptorchids. There were no significant differences among the various groups for either LH and FSH both under basal conditions and after LH-RH. The LH curve area during the LH-RH test is in correlation with bone age only in the normal children.

Child↗
PubMed1992

The effects of an LHRH agonist on testicular function in the cryptorchid rat.

To assess the effects of an LHRH analog (LHRH-ethylamide des gly10 D-Leu6) on the function of the cryptorchid testis, an animal model was created, using prepubertal male Sprague-Dawley rats (21 days old). The animals were divided into six groups: 1) sham operated; 2) sham + LHRH treated; 3) cryptorchid; 4) cryptorchid + LHRH treated; 5) cryptorchid and orchidopexed; 6) cryptorchid, LHRH treated and orchidopexed. Two weeks post cryptorchidism, the animals were treated with either saline or LHRH-analog (one microgram./rat/day) subcutaneously for a total of twenty five days. Orchidopexy was performed following hormonal treatment. The effects of treatment were assessed in terms of body and reproductive organ weights, serum testosterone and LH levels, sperm counts and motility and fertility. The results demonstrated that experimental cryptorchidism impaired reproductive function, which was restored by orchidopexy, alone. Treatment of cryptorchid rats (groups 4 and 6) with LHRH did not produce any lasting improvement in spermatogenesis or fertility.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Sleep-wake patterns and integrated values of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone in normal and cryptorchid pubertal patients.

The sleep-wake behaviour of LH, FSH, PRI, GH and TSH was studied in seven cryptorchid patients (four unilateral and three bilateral cryptorchids) average age 12 years and in nine normal pubertal boys of 13 years (mean age). Blood samples were collected by a continuous withdrawal pump, every hour, for 24 h. The hormonal concentration for every fraction of time was measured and related to the sleep (Sc-), wake (Wc-) and total 24 h period (Dc-). The integrated concentrations of the corresponding periods (IS, IW, ID) were calculated as well as their ratios (IS/IW; IS/ID%). For GH and TSH, the data obtained demonstrated no differences between cryptorchid and pubertal subjects. The PRL secretion in cryptorchid patients was moderately increased during the hours of nocturnal sleep. A normal pubertal sleep-wake rhythm was found for gonadotrophins in both groups of subjects. More marked levels of LH secretion were observed in cryptorchid boys compared to normal pubertals. The presence of a sleep-wake rhythm was also found in the cryptorchid patients and normal pubertal subjects in the P 1 stage. These data suggest that the CNS "programme" which controls the onset of puberty may be normal in cryptorchid patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Immunogenetic and hormonal study of cryptorchidism.

Ninety-four cryptorchids, 50 monolateral and 44 bilateral, aged from 2-9.4 yr (mean, 5.1 +/- 0.5 yr), were studied for the hormonal and immunogenetic profile. Pituitary-gonadal function was studied by evaluation of basal and peak GnRH-stimulated serum FSH and LH. In 83 cases, the serum testosterone (T) level was measured before and after CG treatment. No significant differences, between patients and age-matched controls, were found in either FSH or LH levels, whether under basal conditions or after GHRH stimulation. The mean basal serum T level was similar in mono and bilateral cryptorchids and in controls but, on the 15th day after treatment, it was significantly lower in the bilateral cryptorchids (P less than 0.05). CG administration led to testicular descent in 42 patients (23 with monolateral and 19 with bilateral cryptorchidism) and failed in 41 (21 with monolateral and 20 with bilateral cryptorchidism), independently of T increase. Immunogenetic investigation demonstrated that HLA-A11 and A23 were significantly overrepresented in the whole group of cryptorchids in comparison with the controls (P = 0.004 and P = 0.0123, respectively). HLA-A11 was more common in the bilateral form (P less than 0.05), whereas HLA-A29 was more frequent in the monolateral one (P less than 0.05). Forty percent of the bilateral cryptorchids with unsuccessful treatment had the HLA-A11 allele (P less than 0.01) and 70% the HLA-DR5.

Child↗
PubMed1976

[Tubular structure and germ cell distribution of cryptorchid or normal testes in early childhood (author's transl)].

INTRODUCTION: Many recent publications have demonstrated that the cryptorchid testicle (and, to a lesser extent, the descended partner) are progressively injured from the second year of life onwards. Do these injuries occur in an organ which has been healthy up to this time or are they superimposed on a structurally abnormal testicle? In order to answer this, parts of cryptorchid testicles, of the descended partners, and of normal testicles were compared by histological examination of serial sections. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Parts of four testes from children aged 4-7 months (2 specimens obtained by biopsy and 2 from autoptic material) and parts of four testes from children 1 1/2 years old (2 obtained by biopsy and 2 from autoptic material) were examined. The biopsies were fixed in Stieve's fixative. Tissue samples from clinically healthy children who had died suddenly were fixed in 4% formalin. The tissue was embedded in paraffin and sectioned serially; 6 mum sections were stained with HE. The spermatogonia in each cross-section and in each oblique section of a same tubule were counted and the counts of the latter were adjusted to a cross-section 50-60 mum in diameter. This counting technique did not alter the density of spermatogonia. The graphs present data on the density of spermatogonia through the lengths of the tubules examined and demonstrate tubular branching and blind ends. In the first year of life the cryptorchid testis and its descended partner showed repeated long sections lacking spermatogonia in the same tubule, whereas in normal testes the spermatogonia were more evenly distributed. The cryptorchid testis showed increased tubule branching in the areas examined. In the second year of life the tubules of the cryptorchid testis and its descended partner manifest areas free of germ cells, increased branching, and blind ends. The cryptorchid testis also had a tubule completely free of spermatogonia. The germ cell-free parts were always associated with a smaller tubule diameter than normal. The normal testes did not disclose increased branching or spermatogonium-free areas within similar lengths of tubules and showed an even distribution of spermatogonia. DISCUSSION: The different distribution of spermatogonia within the tubules and the increased branching of the tubules in cryptorchid testes indicate a previous disturbance of testis development.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

The natural course of cryptorchidism in rats and the efficacy of orchidopexy or orchidectomy in its treatment before and after puberty.

Both clinical and experimental evidence suggest that fertility is impaired in unilateral cryptorchidism. To investigate the effect of the undescended testis on the contralateral descended gonad, a new experimental model based on natural cryptorchidism in rats was designed. Seventy male Buffalo rats with an undescended right testis noted at the age of 30 days were used. Fifty healthy animals served as a controls. The natural course of cryptorchidism was investigated at the ages of 30, 90, and 180 days. The effects of orchiopexy and orchiectomy performed in cryptorchid animals before and after puberty were evaluated at the age of 180 days. Both nonoperated and operated animals were mated at the age of 150 days in order to estimate their fertility. The animals were killed at 30, 90, and 180 days of life and the testes were removed. In each excised testis testicular weight and seminiferous tubular diameters were measured and the maturity of the germinal epithelium was determined using the Johnsen testicular biopsy score. The experiment demonstrated reduced testicular weight and seminiferous tubular diameters in undescended testis already at 30 days and arrest of spermatogenesis at the spermatocytes stage at 90 and 180 days. There was no significant difference between contralateral descended testes and controls at the age of 30 and 90 days, but at 180 days the degenerative changes were identical with those in the cryptorchid testes. Cryptorchid rats were completely infertile. Both orchiopexy and orchiectomy prevented the damage to the contralateral testis. A significant improvement in size and spermatogenesis was recorded in most cases of the surgically descended testes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Influence of experimental cryptorchidism on cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme and delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in rat testes.

Testicular cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CSCCE) and delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta5-3beta-HSD) activities were assessed 12 hours and 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 days after surgical induction of bilateral cryptorchidism in adult rats. Within 12 hours after surgery CSCCE activity (expressed as dpm of isocaproic acid-14C formed from cholesterol-26-14C/3 hours/testis) was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) in cryptorchid testes to approximately 55% of sham-operated control values and remained depressed at less than 50% of control activities 2, 4, 16, and 32 days after surgery. Cryptorchid testis delta5-3beta-HSD activity (measured by a pregnenolone substrate-depletion assay and expressed as mumoles of products/30 minutes/testis) did not differ from controls (P greater than 0.05) 1/2, 2, or 4 days after translocation of testes to the abdominal cavity. By day 8 of cryptorchidism, however, delta5-3beta-HSD activity was reduced to 60% of control values (P less than 0.05) and continued to decline to approximately 30% of controls during the remainder of the experimental period. These observed alterations in enzyme activities suggest an impairment in the ability of cryptorchid rat testes to synthesize androgens and further indicate that testicular CSCCE is more acutely sensitive to the cryptorchid milieu than delta5-3beta-HSD.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1977

Pathogenesis of cryptorchidism.

Cryptorchidism was induced experimentally by treating pregnant mice on the 14th day of pregnancy with 5 mg estrogen. Testes from cryptorchid and control newborn and adult mice were investigated with radioimmunoassay and electron microscopy. It was concluded that a normal Leydig cell function plays a decisive role in testicular descent. In cryptorchidism, Leydig cells at birth are atrophic. Testicular testosterone content is diminished as compared to controls. Ultrastructural alterations of Leydig cells observed in our experiments closely resemble those found in biopsies of cryptorchid patients. In male mouse offspring, prenatal estrogen injection induced not only a cryptorchidism but also Leydig cell atrophy and a permanently impaired function. Testosterone content is still significantly diminished after puberty. It is proposed therefore that an insufficiency of endocrine gonadal function of hypothalamo-pituitary origin occurring during intrauterine development is one of the main causes of cryptorchidism. An appropriate long-term therapy could diminish the high sterility rate.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

Alterations in steroidogenesis and human chorionic gonadotropin binding in the cryptorchid rat testis.

One month after the induction of cryptorchidism in adult rats, serum levels of LH and FSH were significantly elevated in comparison with sham-operated controls, whereas serum levels of testosterone remained low to normal. Testis weight in cryptorchid rats was reduced by over 66%, and once the extratubular fluid was removed by decapsulation, the reduction in weight was 78%. The basal production of testosterone, pregnenolone, and estradiol in vitro by testes from cryptorchid rats was similar to controls, whereas significantly less androstenedione was produced. Testicular stimulation in vitro with a high dose of hCG (360 pM) resulted in significantly greater production of testosterone, pregnenolone, and estradiol by cryptorchid than by control rat tissue. The in vitro binding of [125I]hCG per testis was decreased in the cryptorchid state to 40% of control values, probably as a result of down-regulation of LH receptors due to the 4-fold elevation of serum LH levels in the cryptorchid rats.

Androgens↗
PubMed1976

Plasma androgen responce to hCG stimulation in prepubertal boys with hypospadias and cryptorchidism.

Serum levels of testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone were measured before and after 5 days of treatment with hCG (2000 IU/d) in 36 prepubertal boys with cryptorchidism and 11 with hypospadias in order to determine whether a defect in androgen synthesis could be a common cause for these disorders. Baseline and stimulated levels of testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone were similar in patients with unilateral cryptorchidism, monorchism and hypospadias; baseline and stimulated levels of testosterone were lower in boys with bilateral cryptorchidism. Testosterone levels did not correlate with either the anatomical location of the testis in patients with unilateral cryptorchidism or with the site of the urethra in boys with hypospadias. Seven of 36 patients with cryptorchidism had a positive family history of a similar disorder; testosterone levels were similar in patients with and without a family history. It is concluded: 1) in all patients studied, the gonadotropin dependent phase of testosterone production is present; 2) hCG stimulation cannot detect unilateral Leydig cell dysfunction; and 3) in familial cases of cryptorchidism, some factor other than an abnormality in androgen synthesis may be responsible for the hereditary tendency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The effect of artificial cryptorchidism on serum oestrogen and testosterone levels in the adult male rat.

Oestrone, oestradiol and testosterone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in male rats 0.5, 1, 4, 8 and 16 days after rats were either made artifically cryptorchid or sham-operated. Oestradiol levels were not significantly different between cryptorchid and control rats 12 h or 1 day after surgery, but levels in cryptorchid animals fell to 35% of controls on day 4 (P less than 0.05), 31% on day 8, and 29% on day 16 (P less than 0.01). Conversely, oestrone and the total of the two oestrogens was higher in cryptorchid rats at one-half day (P less than 0.05), but did not differ at any other time. Testosterone levels were generally lower in cryptorchid rats than in controls. The minor contribution of oestradiol to total oestrogen levels and the lack of change of total oestrogens in cryptorchid rats led to the conclusion that oestrogens are probably not the tubular regulator of FSH in the male.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Testicular blood flow and testosterone concentrations in the spermatic venous blood in rats with experimental cryptorchidism.

Testicular blood flow and testosterone concentrations in the spermatic venous plasma were measured on unilaterally cryptorchid rats. Blood flow to the cryptorchid testis was 31.4 +/- 11.7 (SD) ml/100 g X min which was significantly higher thant that of the scrotal testis (17.7 +/- 4.4 ml/100 g X min). Stereological analysis showed a relative increase of blood vessel containing interstitial tissue in the cryptorchid testis, which was probably the main factor responsible for the relative increase of blood flow to the cryptorchid testis. The increase of interstitial tissue was greater than the increase of blood vessels and thus, the interstitium in the cryptorchid testis contained a number of vessels which was smaller than that of the interstitium in the scrotally located testis. The concentration of testosterone in the spermatic vein of the abdominal testis was 18.0 +/- 5.5 (SD) ng/ml and the corresponding value for the scrotal testis was 41.2 +/- 7.0 ng/ml. Calculations based on functional and morphological data indicate that the function of the Leydig cells in the abdominal testis was impaired. It was concluded that the outflow of testosterone from the cryptorchid testis was highly reduced.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Cryptorchidism and monorchism in cats: 25 cases (1980-1989).

Of 1,345 cats admitted for orchiectomy during a 10-year period, 23 (1.7%) were cryptorchid and 2 (0.1%) were monorchid. Persian cats were over-represented in the cryptorchid population (P = 0.01). Cats were more likely to be unilaterally than bilaterally cryptorchid (P = 0.01). A predisposition for location of undescended testes (abdominal vs inguinal or right vs left side) was not identified in unilateral cryptorchids. All bilateral cryptorchids had abdominally located testes. The most common surgical approaches used for orchiectomy of cryptorchid cats were a caudal ventral midline incision for inguinal testes and a caudal ventral midline celiotomy for abdominal testes.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Orchidopexy in cryptorchidism assessed by clinical, histologic and sperm examinations.

A study was undertaken of 187 patients with unilateral and 41 patients with bilateral cryptorchidism before and after orchidopexy. The mean tubular diameter and the mean tubular fertility index were used as quantitative criteria for assessment of the development of the testes. Before orchidopexy, no significant differences were found between scrotal and cryptorchid testes in patients up to six years of age. Thereafter, the scrotal testis showed marked development in distinction to the cryptorchid testis. After orchidopexy, follow-up examinations were carried out when the patients had reached the age, at least, 18 years. Based on the results of the mean tubular diameter and the mean tubular fertility index, a reasonable degree of fertility would be expected in both the unilateral and the bilateral cryptorchid testes. However, histologic assessment of spermatogenesis in the unilateral cryptorchid testes after orchidopexy showed spermatogenic arrest in 81 per cent and in all patients with bilateral cryptorchid testes after orchidopexy. In the unilateral orchidopexy patients, in distinction to the histologic assesment of spermatogenesis, sperm counts gave good results in 80 per cent; evidently, in these patients, the source of the spermatozoa was the contralateral scrotal testis. That spermatogenesis was defective in 20 per cent of the patients after unilateral orchidopexy suggests and underlying systemic factor affecting both testes.

Adolescent↗