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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Developmental genetic mechanisms of evolutionary tooth loss in cypriniform fishes.

The fossil record indicates that cypriniform fishes, a group including the zebrafish, lost oral teeth over 50 million years ago. Despite subsequent diversification of feeding modes, no cypriniform has regained oral teeth, suggesting the zebrafish as a model for studying the developmental genetic basis of evolutionary constraint. To investigate the mechanism of cypriniform tooth loss, we compared the oral expression of seven genes whose mammalian orthologs are involved in tooth initiation in the zebrafish and the Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, a related species retaining oral teeth. The most significant difference we found was an absence in zebrafish oral epithelium of expression of dlx2a and dlx2b, transcription factors that are expressed in early Astyanax odontogenic epithelium. Analysis of orthologous genes in the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and a catfish (Synodontis multipunctatus) suggests that expression was lost in cypriniforms, rather than gained in Astyanax. Treatment of Astyanax with an inhibitor of Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling produced a partial phenocopy of the zebrafish oral region, in that oral teeth, and expression of dlx2a and dlx2b, were lost, whereas shh and pitx2, genes whose expression is present in zebrafish oral epithelium, were unaffected. We hypothesize that a loss of Fgf signaling to oral epithelium was associated with cypriniform tooth loss.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Phylogenetic relationships of the cypriniformes tested by mtDNA 12S rRNA sequence variations.

Cypriniformes is the largest order of freshwater fishes. The phylogenetic relationships of the Cypriniformes have been studied by many investigators based on morphological characters, but no agreement has been reached. In the present paper, complete mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences of five families of the Cypriniformes were determined and analyzed to test the present morphological hypotheses. After alignment, there are 1000 sites, among which 467 sites are in stems and 533 sites in loops. 395 sites are variable, and of which 267 are informative. Neighbor-joining and Maximum Parsimony methods were employed for phylogenetic analysis. The results indicate that the cyprinids form a monophyletic group while the non-cyprinid cypriniforms form another one, which is in accordance with the hypothesis proposed by Siebert. The Cyprinidae consists of three main clades, the Danionini, the Cyprinini, and the Leuciscini. However, in the non-cyprinid cypriniforms, the relationships could not be resolved clearly. The Cobitidae is polyphyletic. Homalopteridae, Noemacheilinae and Cobitinae may have closer relationships.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Mitogenomic evolution and interrelationships of the Cypriniformes (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi): the first evidence toward resolution of higher-level relationships of the world's largest freshwater fish clade based on 59 whole mitogenome sequences.

Fishes of the order Cypriniformes are almost completely restricted to freshwater bodies and number > 3400 species placed in 5 families, each with poorly defined subfamilies and/or tribes. The present study represents the first attempt toward resolution of the higher-level relationships of the world's largest freshwater-fish clade based on whole mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences from 53 cypriniforms (including 46 newly determined sequences) plus 6 outgroups. Unambiguously aligned, concatenated mt genome sequences (14,563 bp) were divided into 5 partitions (first, second, and third codon positions of the protein-coding genes, rRNA genes, and tRNA genes), and partitioned Bayesian analyses were conducted, with protein-coding genes being treated in 3 different manners (all positions included; third codon positions converted into purine [R] and pyrimidine [Y] [RY-coding]; third codon positions excluded). The resultant phylogenies strongly supported monophyly of the Cypriniformes as well as that of the families Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, and a clade comprising Balitoridae + Cobitidae, with the 2 latter loach families being reciprocally paraphyletic. Although all of the data sets yielded nearly identical tree topologies with regard to the shallower relationships, deeper relationships among the 4 major clades (the above 3 major clades plus Gyrinocheilidae, represented by a single species Gyrinocheilus aymonieri in this study), were incongruent depending on the data sets. Treatment of the rapidly saturated third codon-position transitions appeared to be a source of such incongruities, and we advocate that RY-coding, which takes only transversions into account, effectively removes this likely "noise" from the data set and avoids the apparent lack of signal by retaining all available positions in the data set.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of evolutionary rates in the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene and control region and their implications for phylogeny of the Cobitoidea (Teleostei: Cypriniformes).

It is widely accepted that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region evolves faster than protein encoding genes with few exceptions. In the present study, we sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cyt b) and control region (CR) and compared their rates in 93 specimens representing 67 species of loaches and some related taxa in the Cobitoidea (Order Cypriniformes). The results showed that sequence divergences of the CR were broadly higher than those of the cyt b (about 1.83 times). However, in considering only closely related species, CR sequence evolution was slower than that of cyt b gene (ratio of CR/cyt b is 0.78), a pattern that is found to be very common in Cypriniformes. Combined data of the cyt b and CR were used to estimate the phylogenetic relationship of the Cobitoidea by maximum parsimony, neighbor-joining, and Bayesian methods. With Cyprinus carpio and Danio rerio as outgroups, three analyses identified the same four lineages representing four subfamilies of loaches, with Botiinae on the basal-most clade. The phylogenetic relationship of the Cobitoidea was ((Catostomidae+Gyrinocheilidae)+(Botiinae+(Balitorinae+(Cobitinae+Nemacheilinae)))), which indicated that Sawada's Cobitidae (including Cobitinae and Botiinae) was not monophyletic. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses are in very close agreement with the phylogenetic results based on the morphological data proposed by Nalbant and Bianco, wherein these four subfamilies were elevated to the family level as Botiidae, Balitoridae, Cobitidae, and Nemacheilidae.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Connections of the corpus cerebelli in the green sunfish and the common goldfish: a comparison of perciform and cypriniform teleosts.

Examination of the connections of the corpus cerebelli in one perciform (Lepomis cyanellus) and one cypriniform teleost (Carassius auratus) reveal that ipsilateral afferent connections in both species arise from an anterior group of nuclei in the diencephalon and mesencephalon, and a posterior group of nuclei in the rhombencephalon. Some nuclei of the anterior group and all those of the posterior group have in addition a weaker, and the medial octavolateralis nucleus a stronger, contralateral component. The inferior olivary nucleus in both species projects solely contralaterally. Nucleus paracommissuralis, the ventral accessory optic nucleus and nucleus isthmi are minute in Carassius compared to Lepomis. The latter species has in addition a bilateral corpopetal projection (ipsilaterally stronger) from the lateral cuneate nucleus. Efferent fibers in both species reach the contralateral nucleus ruber, oculomotor nucleus, nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, torus semicircularis, ventromedial and ventrolateral thalamic nuclei, optic tectum and superior and inferior reticular formation. An additional weaker ipsilateral terminal field could be observed in all nuclei except in the ventrolateral and ventromedial thalamic nuclei, the dorsal periventricular pretectal nucleus and the optic tectum. Lepomis in addition has a bilateral terminal field in the ventral accessory optic nucleus (contralaterally stronger). In both species, stronger ipsilateral and weaker contralateral terminal fields were present in the torus longitudinalis and the valvula cerebelli. The two patterns of corpopetal connections in Lepomis and Carassius were used as models for perciforms and cypriniforms in the analysis of the existing information in the literature on teleosts. While most discrepancies in the literature on percomorphs and ostariophysines could be interpreted consistently, the available information on mormyrids revealed a very different pattern of corpopetal organization: presence of additional connections (from a division of the nucleus preglomerulosus) and absence of otherwise well-established corpopetal connections in teleosts. In a second step, a phyletic analysis of teleostean corpopetal organization revealed that while teleosts share with all other vertebrates a group of corpopetal connections from the rhombencephalon, they evolved many new, more anteriorly located afferent inputs to the corpus cerebelli. Furthermore, electroreceptive mormyrids in addition evolved newly at least one corpopetal connection and lost many others.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed2006

Molecular evidence for the monophyly of East Asian groups of Cyprinidae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) derived from the nuclear recombination activating gene 2 sequences.

The family Cyprinidae is one of the largest families of fishes in the world and a well-known component of the East Asian freshwater fish fauna. However, the phylogenetic relationships among cyprinids are still poorly understood despite much effort paid on the cyprinid molecular phylogenetics. Original nucleotide sequence data of the nuclear recombination activating gene 2 were collected from 109 cyprinid species and four non-cyprinid cypriniform outgroup taxa and used to infer the cyprinid phylogenetic relationships and to estimate node divergence times. Phylogenetic reconstructions using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analysis retrieved the same clades, only branching order within these clades varied slightly between trees. Although the morphological diversity is remarkable, the endemic cyprinid taxa in East Asia emerged as a monophyletic clade referred to as Xenocypridini. The monophyly for the subfamilies including Cyprininae and Leuciscinae, as well as the tribes including Labeonini, Gobionini, Acheilognathini, and Leuciscini, was also well resolved with high nodal support. Analysis of the RAG2 gene supported the following cyprinid molecular phylogeny: the Danioninae is the most basal subfamily within the family Cyprinidae and the Cyprininae is the sister group of the Leuciscinae. The divergence times were estimated for the nodes corresponding to the principal clades within the Cyprinidae. The family Cyprinidae appears to have originated in the mid-Eocene in Asia, with the cladogenic event of the key basal group Danioninae occurring in the early Oligocene (about 31-30 MYA), and the origins of the two subfamilies, Cyprininae and Leuciscinae, occurring in the mid-Oligocene (around 26 MYA).

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[Cloning of hemoglobin alpha-chain cDNA sequences from five fishes in cypriniformes].

Oxygen content in water is one of the limit factors to the fish growing. The tolerance of fish to low oxygen content depends on the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen. The tempt of transgenic fish study is to transfer hemoglobin gene from the fish that tolerates to low oxygen content in water to the fish sensitive to low oxygen condition. Therefore, using hemoglobin gene to breed new varieties may become a main trend in the near future. To explore the underline mechanisms for the variation of hemoglobin property, we have cloned hemoglobin-alpha-chain from five species of Cypriniformes fishes. A pair of consensus degenerate primes were designed basing on N-terminal and C-terminal conservative amino acid of alpha-chain. Using RT-PCR method, alpha-globin gene was amplified and cloned from total RNA which was extracted from blood of five fishes which are widely distribution in China (Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Carassius auratus, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Paramisgurnus dabryanus). Sequence comparison with the existing hemoglobin alpha-chain confirmed that these cDNA fragments were alpha-globin gene of five fishes. The accession numbers in GenBank are AF528156, AF528157, AF528197, AF528198, AF528199 respectively. The cDNA which coding amino acid are all 429 bp. Compared with the amino acid sequences of five fishes, it can be concluded that in five fishes the highest similarity of two fishes which are Paramisgurnus dabryanus and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is 99.41%, whereas the lowest similarity of two fishes which are Ctenopharyngodon idellus and Paramisgurnus dabryanus is 83.92%. In addition, the sequence similarity and phylogenetic relationship were compared with Within-group method. The result shows that there is much consistent between similarity and phylogenetic relationships from morphological of those near relation species and much connection between similarity and environment of those distant relation species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1988

Neotropical monogenea. 13. Rhinonastes pseuodocapsaloideum n. gen., n. sp. (Dactylogyridae, Ancyrocephalinae), a nasal parasite of curimatã, Prochilodus nigricans Agassiz (Cypriniformes, Prochilodontidae), in Brazil.

Rhinonastes pseudocapsaloideum n. sp. (Dactylogyridae, Ancyrocephalinae) is described from the nasal cavity of Prochilodus nigricans Agassiz (Cypriniformes, Prochilodontidae) in Brazil. Rhinonastes n. gen. is proposed for species possessing a dextroventral genital pore, a bilobed testis, a ventral C-shaped ovary lying between the 2 testicular lobes, and a disc-shaped haptor armed with a ventral anchor-bar complex and 14 hooks.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Duplicate gene expression in diploid and tetraploid loaches (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae).

Botia macracantha and B. modesta have been demonstrated to be tetraploid species on the basis of their karyotypes and on the basis of the expression of a number of isozymes encoded by duplicate loci. A rather low percentage of duplicate loci was detected by electrophoresis, compared to that for other tetraploid Cypriniformes. Several hypotheses have been advanced to account for the low levels of duplicate gene expression observed. Lastly, many of the duplicate loci have diverged to unique patterns of expressions in different tissues or different levels of activity within a single tissue.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Duplicate gene expression in tetraploid fishes of the tribe Moxostomatini (Cypriniformes, Catostomidae).

1. Karyotypically tetraploid fishes of the catostomid tribe Moxostomatini were electrophoretically examined to ascertain in the genetic control of 14 enzyme systems (21 loci in dipoid Cypriniformes). 2. The Moxostomatini have become functionally diploid at 50% or more of their loci since the original polyploidization event in the catosomid line. 3. The subgenera Megapharynx and Moxostoma s.s. (genus Moxostoma) are recognized as comprising a single lineage on the basis of synapomorphic diploidization at the G-3-pdh-A locus. 4. Thoburnia s.l. is allied with the genus Hypentelium on the basis of synapomorphic diploidization at the M-Aat-A locus supporting separate generic status for Thorburnia s.l.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Phylogenetic relationships of major clades of Catostomidae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) as inferred from mitochondrial SSU and LSU rDNA sequences.

Suckers (Family Catostomidae) are holarctic in distribution and include 76 recent species in 14 genera, with 13 genera and 75 species occurring in North and Central America and Siberia. Although this group constitutes a significant component of many aquatic ecosystems, most historic systematic effort has been either alpha- or limited beta-level studies focusing on the two largest tribes within the family, the Catostomini and the Moxostomatini. A recent phylogenetic study based on morphological, biochemical, and early life history characters has advanced current understanding of relationships among catostomid fishes. To further examine phylogenetic relationships among basal lineages of catostomids, we sequenced the entire mitochondrial (mt) SSU and LSU rRNA genes from genera representing all subfamilies and tribes within Catostomidae. Phylogenetic analysis of gene sequences yielded monophyletic Catostomidae, Ictiobinae, and Catostominae and para- or polyphyletic Cycleptinae, with Myxocyprinus as the basal-most taxon and Cycleptus as either the next most-basal taxon or the taxon basal to the Catostominae. Relationships within the Catostominae were generally consistent with those proposed in the above-noted recent phylogenetic study although Thoburnia and Hypentelium were either a clade sister to or a grade group relative to Moxostoma and Scartomyzon. In all trees, Scartomyzon was paraphyletic and embedded within Moxostoma. Phylogenetic affinities of Erimyzon and Minytrema varied depending on data set and character weighting scheme employed. To better reflect phylogenetic relationships resolved in this extensive analysis, we propose the following changes to the classification of catostomids: formation of the new subfamily Myxocyprininae, containing Myxocyprinus from China; restriction of the Cycleptinae to the two species of Cycleptus from North America; restriction of the tribe Moxostomatini to Moxostoma and Scartomyzon; Erimyzon and Minytrema are incertae sedis within Catostominae; and resurrection of the tribe Thoburniini, containing Thoburnia and expanded to include Hypentelium.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Genomic cloning of mud loach Misgurnus mizolepis (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae) beta-actin gene and usefulness of its promoter region for fish transgenesis.

As a part of our effort to obtain a strong regulatory element for the construction of an autogenic mud loach transgenic vector, we isolated a genomic clone that contains an open reading frame encoding the beta-actin gene, then examined the transcriptional activity of the upstream sequences, including the first intron, in transiently transfected cell lines. It showed that the upstream region has substantially strong transcriptional activity, and that both the proximal promoter and distal region of intron 1 play a crucial role in the activity. A similar result, based on fish growth, was obtained with the expression vectors containing the growth hormone gene of mud loach. These were driven by the regulatory region of the mud loach beta-actin gene with various mutations, and were directly transferred into the trunk muscle of fish using an electrostimulation-mediated method. Fish weights were monitored over the next 4 weeks. These data suggest that the proximal promoter and the first intron enhancer of the mud loach beta-actin gene are useful for autogenic mud loach transgenesis.

Actins↗

PubMed2004

Plate tectonics and biogeographical patterns of the Pseudophoxinus (Pisces: Cypriniformes) species complex of central Anatolia, Turkey.

We investigated the phylogenetic relationships of Pseudophoxinus (Cyprinidae: Leuciscinae) species from central Anatolia, Turkey to test the hypothesis of geographic speciation driven by early Pliocene orogenic events. We analyzed 1141 aligned base pairs of the complete cytochrome b mitochondrial gene. Phylogenetic relationships reconstructed by maximum likelihood, Bayesian likelihood, and maximum parsimony methods are identical, and generally well supported. Species and clades are restricted to geologically well-defined units, and are deeply divergent from each other. The basal diversification of central Anatolian Pseudophoxinus is estimated to have occurred approximately 15 million years ago. Our results are in agreement with a previous study of the Anatolian fish genus Aphanius that also shows a diversification pattern driven by the Pliocene orogenic events. The distribution of clades of Aphanius and Pseudophoxinus overlap, and areas of distribution comprise the same geological units. The geological history of Anatolia is likely to have had a major impact on the diversification history of many taxa occupying central Anatolia; many of these taxa are likely to be still unrecognized as distinct.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Plasma testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone levels of male pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Cypriniformes, Characidae).

The levels of testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) of the South American pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus were determined by radioimmunoassay during two stages of the reproductive cycle, i.e., resting and maturation, and the gonadosomatic index (GSI) was calculated. The highest levels of T and 11-KT were reached during the maturation stage (T = 2400 +/- 56 pg/ml; 11-KT = 2300 +/- 60 pg/ml) and lower levels were maintained during the resting period. The rise in androgen levels occurred with the appearance of spermatozoa in the maturation stage, when GSI was highest.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Phylogenetic relationships and intraspecific variations of loaches of the genus Lefua (Balitoridae, Cypriniformes).

Three nominal species are known in East Asian balitorid loaches of the genus Lefua, i.e. L. echigonia, L. nikkonis, and L. costata. Lefua echigonia, with large morphological variations was recently separated into two groups, L. echigonia including the holotype and L. sp., based on morphological and ecological traits. We performed protein and DNA analyses to elucidate phylogenetic relationships among loaches of the genus Lefua and to settle the taxonomic status of L. sp. We also investigated intraspecific variations in L. echigonia s. str. to shed light on the process of formation of freshwater fish fauna in Japan. Protein analyses using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that genetic distances between L. sp. and L. echigonia s. str. and between L. sp. and L. nikkonis were as large as that between L. echigonia s. str. and L. nikkonis. DNA analyses of the mitochondrial D-loop region showed that L. sp. and L. echigonia s. str. were monophyletic, respectively, while neither L. nikkonis nor L. costata was monophyletic and these species formed together a clade. The results supported the specific status of L. sp. and proposed reevaluation of the taxonomic status of L. nikkonis and L. costata. DNA analyses also showed that L. sp. was more closely related to L. echigonia s. str. than to the L. nikkonis-L. costata complex, and four local populations were distinguished in L. echigonia s. str. Distribution patterns of the four local populations of L. echigonia s. str. in Japan were approximately congruent with those of the medaka, Oryzias latipes, suggesting that differentiation in the two distantly related fishes have a common historical background.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Phylogeography of loaches of the genus lefua (balitoridae, cypriniformes) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences.

In order to elucidate phylogenetic relationships and intraspecific variations and to infer the evolutionary process of loaches of the genus Lefua, we analyzed nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial D-loop region of 100 specimens obtained from 97 localities in Japan and Korea. The genus Lefua includes three described species, L. nikkonis, L. echigonia, and L. costata and an undescribed species, Lefua sp. Our results showed that each species of Lefua formed a monophyletic group, indicating clearly that Lefua species can be genetically distinguished from one another. Lefua nikkonis was the most closely related to L. costata, while L. sp. was the most closely related to L. echigonia. Specimens of L. sp. were grouped into two intraspecific populations and specimens of L. echigonia were grouped into six populations. These populations were well separated geographically from one another by mountain ranges and highlands. We estimated the evolutionary time for splitting of the species and intraspecific populations, and speculated on the evolutionary process of the genus Lefua. Species of Lefua are severely threatened. Fundamental genetic information is indispensable for conservation. We presented genetic background in order to protect these threatened loaches.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Genetic structure of a diploid-polyploid complex of the spined loach Cobitis taenia (Cypriniformes: Cobitidae) from the middle Dnieper bassin].

Biochemical genetic typing and cytometry showed that polyploid females account for 87% of the spined loach Cobitis taenia population from the middle Dnieper basin. The polyploidy series included triploids, tetraploids, and, possibly, a few pentaploids. A characteristic feature of the genetic structure of polyploids was that their genetic variation was due to the clonal variation in the haploid portion of the genome originating from Cobitis sp. and to polymorphism of the diploid portion originating from C. taenia. The results are discussed with regard to comparative evolution of alloploid complexes in fish and terrestrial vertebrates.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Genetic structure of species complex of the spined loach Cobitis auc. (Cypriniformes: Cobitidae) in Severskiĭ Donets river basin].

Biochemical, genetic, cytometric and morphological analyses of spined loaches of the middle stream of Severskiy Donetz river revealed 3 bisexual species: Cobitis taenia s.l. (68% of the sample); C. melanoleuca (11%); Sabanejewia aurata (9%) and 2 hybrid forms: triploid C. taenia(2)-sp. (9%) and diploid C. taenia-melanoleuca (3%). Distinctive features of genetic structure of polyploid hybrids C. taenia(2)-sp. as well as taxonomic identity of diploid C. taenia s.l. of Severskiy Donetz river were discussed in regard to the Dnieper population ones.

Animals↗