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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

A comparison of the growth promoting properties of ascitic fluids, cyst fluids and peritoneal fluids from patients with ovarian tumours.

The growth promoting properties of ascitic fluids, cyst fluids and peritoneal fluids from patients with ovarian malignancy, benign ovarian tumours and non-tumour related gynaecological conditions have been investigated using an ovarian carcinoma cell line (OAW 42), mesothelial cells (58MC) and rat kidney cells (NRK-49F). Colony stimulating activity (CSA) for tumour cells and transforming activity (TA) for mesothelial cells were weakly correlated, but whereas elevated TA was tumour-associated, CSA was not. However, TA was not cancer-associated and, although the difference between the mean TA values of benign and malignant cyst fluids was of borderline significance, some benign cyst fluids from cystadenomas showed high TA values. Higher levels of TA in the cystadenomas showed a significant correlation with the menopausal status of the patient and higher levels of TA in the malignant cyst fluid/peritoneal fluid groups were associated with more advanced disease. Results indicated that some fluids contained TGF-beta-like activity, but there was no direct evidence for the presence of TGF-alpha/EGF-like activity in the fluids. Heparin inhibited clonogenic growth of tumour cells but not mesothelial cells. The reduced CSA which was observed after treatment of fluids with both heparin and thrombin implicated coagulation factors in the manifestation of CSA. It was concluded that CSA in the fluids was due, at least partly, to fibrin coagulation, and TA was due to unknown growth factor(s) which may include TGF-beta-like activity. The results are discussed in the context of the aetiology of ovarian carcinoma, and the possible clinical significance of TA.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Quantification and molecular analysis of cathepsin D in breast cyst fluids.

Cyst fluids from 55 premenopausal women with gross cystic breast disease were classified by K+/Na+ ratio: 19 with ratio over 1 (type I) and 36 with ratio less than 1 (type II). Immunoradiometric assay of cathepsin D in both types of cyst fluids revealed the presence of large amounts of this proteinase. The average concentration of cathepsin D in type I cyst fluids was 63.3 nmol/l, which was significantly higher than that corresponding to type II cyst fluids (35.1 nmol/l). Immunoprecipitation analysis of intracystic cathepsin D demonstrated that this protein was present as the 52 kD non-processed precursor form of the molecule. Since procathepsin D is a useful prognostic marker in breast carcinoma, we suggest that cyst fluid quantification of cathepsin D could aid to detect patients affecting of gross cystic disease with higher risk for developing breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Quantitative study of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in cerebrospinal fluid and cyst fluid from patients with malignant glioma.

BACKGROUND: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a 76-amino acid protein that attracts monocytes. In vitro studies have reported high levels of MCP-1 messenger RNA expression, as well as the presence of MCP-1, in malignant glioma cells. PURPOSE: Our purpose was to determine whether an MCP-1 assay could be used in a clinical setting 1) to differentiate malignant from benign gliomas and from nontumor disorders of the central nervous system and 2) to detect subarachnoid dissemination of glioma cells. METHODS: MCP-1 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and cyst fluid were measured with a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that we had previously developed. We measured MCP-1 levels in CSF samples from 19 patients with malignant glioma (glioblastoma, 10; anaplastic astrocytoma, six; anaplastic oligodendroglioma, two; and ependymoblastoma, one), nine patients with benign glioma, and seven patients with nontumor disorders of the central nervous system. Cyst fluids from four patients with malignant glioma (anaplastic astrocytoma) were also tested. The correlation between MCP-1 concentration in the CSF and subarachnoid dissemination of malignant glioma cells was also studied. RESULTS: The MCP-1 concentration (mean +/- SE) in CSF samples from patients with malignant glioma (2.3 +/- 0.4 ng/mL) was significantly higher than that from patients with benign glioma (0.6 +/- 0.1 ng/mL) (P < .01) or from patients with no tumor (0.5 +/- 0.1 ng/mL) (P < .01). Furthermore, CSF samples from patients with subarachnoid dissemination of malignant glioma contained significantly higher amounts of MCP-1 than those from patients without dissemination (P < .05). Cyst fluids from four of the patients with malignant glioma contained high concentrations of MCP-1. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that MCP-1 is produced by malignant glioma in vivo as well as in vitro and suggest that testing for MCP-1 in CSF may be useful in the clinic to differentiate malignant glioma from benign glioma and to detect subarachnoid dissemination of the tumor cells. IMPLICATIONS: The MCP-1 ELISA in CSF may lead to more accurate diagnosis of malignant glioma and detection of subarachnoid dissemination of tumor cells, facilitating selection of patients with these conditions for appropriate therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Mutagens in human breast cyst fluid.

Cyst fluids aspirated from patients presenting with palpable cysts of the breast were analysed for mutagenic activity, as determined by the Ames test. Of the 439 women studied, 9.6% had mutagen-positive fluids. There was no obvious relationship between the presence of mutagen-positive fluids and clinical or epidemiological details of the women from which they were obtained. Preliminary characterisation of the mutagenic activity suggested that the responsible agents have diverse chemical properties.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Human simple renal cyst fluid contains a cyst formation-promoting activity for Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cultured in collagen gel.

Simple renal cysts are commonly observed in the elderly, but few examinations have been performed to study the mechanism of this disease. We have previously shown that simple renal cyst fluid contains some growth factors, including epidermal growth factor (EGF; less than 54 pg mL-1) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I; 30-2070 pg mL-1) (M. Taide et al. Clin Chim Acta, 1993; 217:199-203). In this report, the biological significance of growth factors or of human simple renal cyst fluid on the formation of renal epithelial cyst was determined using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells cultured in collagen gel. Both EGF (200 pg mL-1 or more) and IGF-I (100 pg mL-1 or more) were found to stimulate cyst formation in MDCK cells. Additionally, 12/21 human simple renal cyst fluid samples were found to be capable of stimulating cyst formation in MDCK cells. This activity was due to a heat- and acid-labile protein and not inhibited by the anti-IGF-I neutralizing antibody. These results indicate that in some instances simple renal cyst fluid would thus appear to contain specific activity for cyst formation, which may affect cyst formation in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

MUC-6 mucin is a major component of "blood group substance" from human ovarian cyst fluid.

Ovarian cyst fluid has been a valuable source of the mucins (traditionally termed "blood group substances") that were used for the elucidation of the structures of the ABO Lewis blood group determinants, but the identity of the mucin peptide core(s) carrying these carbohydrate specificities is not known. An ovarian cyst fluid mucin was purified, deglycosylated with HF and digested with trypsin or chymotrypsin to yield a number of peptides. Amino acid sequencing of these peptides yielded five different sequences which showed complete or partial homology to the MUC-6 apomucin deduced from DNA sequencing. As no other sequences were identified, it is concluded that MUC-6 is the major mucin core structure of ovarian cyst fluid mucin.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Urokinase and tissue-type plasminogen activators are present in breast cyst fluids.

Breast cyst fluids obtained by needle aspiration from 20 patients were analysed for the presence of urokinase-like (u-PA) and tissue-type (t-PA) plasminogen activators. Plasminogen, the natural substrate for these PAs, was also measured. u-PA activity was detected in 18 samples (mean +/- S.D. = 1.11 +/- 1.08 IU ml-1) and t-PA activity in 16 samples (0.35 +/- 0.28 IU ml-1). Plasminogen was detected in 10 samples (mean = 37 micrograms ml-1), range 28-85 micrograms ml-1) and was below the assay detection limit in the other samples. While both u-PA and t-PA specific activities were greater in the 10 cyst fluids categorized as Group A (Na+ to K+ concentration ratio less than 4) than in the 10 samples categorized in Group B (Na+ to K+ concentration ratio greater than 4), the differences were not statistically significant. Nevertheless, this is the first evidence that u-PA and t-PA are present in active forms in breast cyst fluids. The significance of such activities must be hypothetical, but it is possible that a study of factors influencing the levels of u-PA and t-PA within the breast may yield information about pathophysiology of cystic and other diseases of the breast.

Enzyme Precursors↗
PubMed1999

Human glandular kallikrein in breast milk, amniotic fluid, and breast cyst fluid.

BACKGROUND: Human glandular kallikrein (hK2) belongs to the serine protease family of enzymes and has high sequence homology with prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The physiological role of hK2 has not as yet been determined, but there is evidence that it can regulate the proteolytic activity of PSA through processing and activating pro-PSA, an inactive precursor. Thus, it is conceivable that these two secreted proteins may coexist in biological fluids. Currently, hK2 is considered an androgen-regulated and prostate-specific protein. Recently, it has been demonstrated that hK2 is expressed in the breast cancer cell line T-47D after stimulation by steroid hormones, and we reported that hK2 can be detected in a subset of breast tumor extracts. These data suggest that hK2 may be expressed in tissues other than the prostate, such as those in which PSA has already been detected. Because hK2 is a secreted protein, it may be present in various biological fluids. METHODS: We analyzed milk samples from lactating women, amniotic fluid from pregnant women, and breast cyst fluid from patients with gross breast cystic disease, using a highly sensitive and specific immunoassay for hK2. RESULTS: hK2 was present in all three biological fluids. We suggest that the female breast may produce hK2 and provide evidence that hK2 may have value as an additional marker for the discrimination between type I and type II breast cysts. CONCLUSIONS: The female breast produces hK2 in addition to PSA. More studies are necessary to establish the role of this kallikrein in nondiseased breast, gross breast cystic disease, and breast cancer.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Elevated calcium level in parathyroid cyst fluid.

Parathyroid cysts are uncommon neck masses. The diagnosis is generally established when the parathormone level is found to be elevated in the typically clear cyst fluid obtained by fine needle aspiration. We present a case where the serum and cyst fluid intact parathormone levels were normal yet the diagnosis was established by demonstrating an elevated fluid calcium level. The cyst recurred after two attempts at aspiration, so the patient underwent a curative operative excision.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Levels of eighteen non-conjugated and conjugated steroids in human breast cyst fluid: relationships with cyst type.

The present study investigates the levels of a large series of 18 non-conjugated or conjugated steroids in 71 samples of human breast cyst fluid (BCF) as divided into three groups corresponding to different electrolyte composition. In the type 1 group, the K+/Na+ ratio was higher than 1.5, while in type 2 it was lower than 0.66 and finally type 3 had an intermediate ratio. Pregnenolone (PREG) and progesterone (PROG) levels were approximately 2-fold higher (P less than 0.05) in the type 2 than in the type 1 group while both 17-OH-pregnenolone (17-OH-PREG) and 17-OH-progesterone (17-OH-PROG) concentrations were similar in these two groups. Most of the C-19 steroids analyzed, namely dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), androst-5-ene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol (5-ene-DIOL), testosterone (TESTO), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (3 alpha-DIOL), androsterone (ADT), androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol glucuronide (3 alpha-DIOL-G) and androsterone glucuronide (ADT-G) were 180-360% (P less than 0.05) higher in type 1 than in type 2 cysts while no difference in C-18 steroid and C-18 steroid glucuronide levels was observed. A small or no difference was seen in steroid levels between types 2 and 3. We conclude that the arbitrary division according to the electrolyte composition of BCF permits identification of different patterns of steroid concentrations in BCF. However, the mechanism responsible for both sets of parameters remain unclear.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) levels of epithelial ovarian cancer cyst fluids with benign ovarian cysts.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is known to take a role in oncogenesis and tumoral behavior of the tumors of the organs that contain both mesenchymal and epithelial cells. This study compares HGF levels in cyst fluids of epithelial ovarian cancer and benign ovarian cysts to look for the role of HGF in ovarian carcinogenesis. Twenty-four consecutive patients with ovarian cancer and 34 with benign ovarian cysts were recruited prospectively at the Gynecologic Oncology Departments of SSK Ankara Maternity Hospital and Hacettepe University School of Medicine between 2001 and 2002. Cyst fluids were collected during primary staging in cancer patients and during laparatomy for benign patients. HGF levels were measured by ELISA method. Median HGF levels of the benign ovarian cysts and epithelial ovarian tumoral fluids were found to be 3822 pg/ml (85-15253 pg/ml) and 12962 pg/ml (4136-16025 pg/ml), respectively. Malignant cyst fluids have higher HGF levels when compared with benign ovarian cysts (P < 0.01). This finding suggests that HGF may take a paracrine role in oncogenic differentiation and tumoral development of epithelial ovarian cancers. Mechanisms that take a role in HGF secretion and the responses of neighboring epithelial cells to HGF during tumoral development need to be investigated.

Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of hepatocyte growth factor levels of epithelial ovarian cancer cyst fluids with benign ovarian cysts.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is known to take role in oncogenesis and tumoral behavior of the tumors of the organs that contain mesenchymal and epithelial cells together. This study aims to compare HGF levels in cyst fluids of epithelial ovarian cancer and benign ovarian cysts and look for the role of HGF in ovarian carcinogenesis. Twenty-four consecutive patients with ovarian cancer and 34 with benign cysts of ovary were recruited prospectively at Gynecologic Oncology Departments of SSK Ankara Maternity Hospital and Hacettepe University School of Medicine between 2001 and 2002. Cyst fluids were collected during primary staging in cancer patients and during laparatomy for benign patients. HGF levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Median HGF levels of the benign ovarian cysts and epithelial ovarian tumoral fluids were found as 3822 pg/ml (85-15,253 pgr/ml) and 12,962 pgr/ml (4136-16,025 pgr/ml), respectively. Malign cyst fluids have higher HGF levels when compared with benign ovarian cysts (P < 0.01). This finding suggests that HGF may take a paracrine role in oncogenic differentiation and tumoral development of epithelial ovarian cancers. Mechanisms that take role in HGF secretion and the answers of the neighboring epithelial cells to HGF during tumoral development need to be investigated.

Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell↗
PubMed1988

Fibrocystic breast disease: the significance of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and other polypeptides in breast cyst fluid.

Breast cyst fluids from 118 women, aged 29 to 69 years, were analyzed by radioimmunoassays for beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Blood was drawn at the same time in many cases to compare hormonal levels in serum with those in the breast cyst fluids (BCF). The levels of beta-hCG in BCF were relatively high, with a mean (+/- standard error of the mean [SEM]) of 58.9 +/- 16.8 mIU/ml; serum levels of beta-hCG were negligible. LH and TSH also were elevated in BCF compared with serum levels, exhibiting mean values (+/- SEM) of 26.7 +/- 4.3 mIU/ml and 6.4 +/- 0.44 muIU/ml, respectively. The levels of FSH and PRL in BCF were equivalent to the levels in the serum. The presence of biologically active hCG was suggested in several BCF samples using the rat ovarian hyperemia test. Samples of BCF were assessed for the capacity to stimulate Leydig cell testosterone production in vitro in the presence or absence of an anti-hLH antiserum. Testosterone production was significantly (P less than 0.05) enhanced, even in the presence of the antiserum. These data suggest that BCF contains biologically active hCG.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Quantification of pepsinogen C and prostaglandin D synthase in breast cyst fluid and their potential utility for cyst type classification.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify pepsinogen C (PEPC) and prostaglandin D synthase (PGDS) in breast cyst fluid and examine if these two parameters can be used for breast cyst type classification. DESIGN AND METHODS: We quantified PEPC and PGDS in 92 and 50 breast cyst fluids, respectively, using previously established immunofluorometric procedures. We then examined if the levels of PEPC or PGDS correlate with the type of cyst or with other clinicopathological variables. RESULTS: Quantitative analysis of the breast cyst fluids indicated that PEPC is present in all cyst fluids at various concentrations ranging from 3 to 31,000 ng/mL. PGDS positivity was confined to 30% of the cyst fluids. PEPC and PGDS levels were correlated with the breast cyst fluid cation ratio and were associated with the type of the cyst. Increased PEPC levels in breast cyst fluids were significantly correlated with a > or = 1.5 K+/Na+ ratio and were associated with the secretory/apocrine type of cyst (Type I) (p = 0.011). Immunoreactive PGDS levels were highly correlated with a low cation ratio and were associated with the transudative/flattened type of breast cyst (Type II) (p = 0.0003). A weak association was observed between PEPC levels in breast cyst fluid and menopausal status (p = 0.093). No significant associations were observed for either PEPC or PGDS concentration in breast cyst fluid and number of cysts, recurrence of the disease, family history of breast cancer, number of children, abortion, and breast feeding. CONCLUSIONS: Quantification of PEPC and PGDS in breast cyst fluid may be useful in the subclassification of cyst type in patients with gross cystic disease.

Breast Diseases↗
PubMed1975

Progesterone in molar vesicle fluid and theca lutein cyst fluid.

Serum progesterone was estimated by a competitive protein-binding method in the peripheral venous blood in 12 cases of normal pregnancy at the time of delivery and in maternal venous blood, umbilical venoms, and umbilical arterial blood in another 5 cases. Progesterone concentration in the peripheral blood and in the serous fluid of molar vesicles was measured in 18 cases of hydatidiform mole. The theca lutein cyst fluid from 3 patients with hydatidiform mole was also assayed for progesterone. Umbilical cord venous blood and umbilical arterial blood showed a variable concentration of progesterone with a mean fetal-maternal progesterone ratio of 4.7 plus or minus 0.6 and a mean umbilical vein-artery progesterone ratio of 5.7 plus or minus 0.4. Serum progesterone concentration in hydatidiform mole was from 25.0 to 263.2 ng/ml with a mean plus or minus standard error of 101.7 plus or minus 15.2 ng/ml, while the corresponding mole vesicle fluid progesterone concentration ranged from 260.5 to 1842.0 ng/ml with a mean plus or minus SE of 770.9 plus or minus 87.4 ng/ml. The ratio of progesterone in vesicle fluid and in the serum was 4.0 to 52.8 (mean, 7.6). Progesterone concentrations in the theca lutein cyst fluid from 3 patients with hydatidiform mole were 25,428 ng/ml; 7,635 ng/ml; and 4,686 ng/ml. The high fetal-maternal progesterone ratio and umbilical vein-artery progesterone ratio reflect preferential progesterone transfer to the fetus and utilization by the latter. The finding in hydatidiform mole is due to the absence of the fetus and indicates that the molar trophoblast produced progesterone in significant amounts and that theca lutein cysts have a very high but variable concentration of progesterone in their fluid.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1988

Proteases in cyst fluid from human gross cyst breast disease.

Cyst fluid from women with gross cystic breast disease was found to contain protease activity when assayed against [14C]albumin. At least six different proteases were detected when the fluid was fractionated by a combination of S-300 Sephacel, hydroxylapatite, and DEAE-Sephacel chromatographic techniques. The distribution of the proteases appeared to be related to the ionic composition of the fluids. A major protease component, found in both high Na and high K fluids, was isolated. It showed chymotryptic cleavage characteristics against the beta-chain of insulin. It was partially inhibited by alpha 2-macroglobulin, N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone, and benzamidine but not by leupeptin, pepstatin, N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone, or alpha 1-protease inhibitor. The protease has an apparent molecular weight of 110,000 with Mr 24,000 subunits. This protease may be identical or closely associated with Haagensen's GCDFP-24 progesterone binding protein which was isolated in a similar manner. An imbalance between protease and protease inhibitors in cyst fluid may account for gross cyst formation and may be involved in the tumorigenic process. The accumulation of poorly diffusible peptide fragments, as a result of protease activity, would increase the oncotic pressure leading to enlargement of the cyst cavity as water enters to reestablish osmotic equilibrium.

Female↗
PubMed1981

Antigens and antibodies cross-reactive to the murine mammary tumor virus in human breast cyst fluids.

Human breast cyst fluids were shown to contain low concentrations of IgA (15-78 micrograms/ml) and IgG (33-145 micrograms/ml). The IgA:IgG ratios in individual breast cyst fluids ranged from 1:0.6 to 1:4. These levels are considerably higher than their ratio in serum (1:7). IgA from 33% of the 40 fluids examined, and IgG from 10% of the fluids, reacted with the murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV). The reactivity was detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that measures antibody binding to both the envelope glycoprotein and core protein of the virus. In a second series of experiments. IgA from 28% of 40 breast cyst fluids reacted only with MuMTV while IgA from 30% of the fluids was reactive with both MuMTV and the Rauscher murine leukemia virus. Antigen reactive with antiserum to the 28,000-dalton MuMTV core protein (p28), was also identified in a 165,000-g pellet fraction from breast cyst fluids. In individual fluids, the extent of IgA binding to MuMTV was positively correlated (P less than or equal to 0.01) with the binding of anti-p28 antibody to the pellet of the breast cyst fluid. Fractions with the buoyant density of retroviruses (1.16-1.18 g/ml) or their cores (1.21-1.25 g/ml) were isolated from breast cyst fluids. These fractions contained a DNA polymerase capable of utilizing the reverse transcriptase-specific template, dG12-18 x poly rCm. In addition, they reacted with antiserum to MuMTV p 28 but not with antiserum to the 30,000-dalton Rauscher murine leukemia virus core protein.

Animals↗