[Antagonistic action in Cytophagaceae].
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Bacteria↗
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Phenotypic and genetic relationships of so-called Moraxella (Pasteurella) anatipestifer to the Flavobacterium/Cytophaga group.
So-called Moraxella (or Pasteurella) anatipestifer and members of the Flavobacterium/Cytophaga group exhibit remarkable common features: lack of flagellation, low guanine + cytosine content of the chromosomal DNA, production of menaquinones and branched-chain fatty acids, absence of carbohydrate fermentation, and similar patterns of hydrolytic enzymes. Using the renaturation method of DNA:DNA hybridization two urease-negative European isolates and the urease-positive type strain (which was isolated in the United States) of M. P. anatipestifer were shown to have about 85% of their genome DNA base sequences in common; they may represent two subspecies. The type strain of this species was neither measurably related to the type species of the genus Moraxella nor to selected members of the family Pasteurellaceae (Pohl 1981). On the other hand, low but significant degrees of DNA binding between selected strains of so-called M. anatipestifer, Cytophaga marinoflava, Flavobacterium meningosepticum, F. odoratum and F. pectinovorum were observed. On the basis of these findings the transfer of the so-called M. anatipestifer to the Flavobacterium/Cytophaga group (family Cytophagaceae) is proposed. More detailed investigations are required to establish its relationship at the genus level.
Animals↗
Hongiella mannitolivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., Hongiella halophila sp. nov. and Hongiella ornithinivorans sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat sediment.
Three marine strains of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides group, designated JC2050T, JC2051T and JC2052T, were obtained from a single sediment sample of getbol, the Korean tidal flat. Comparative 16S rDNA sequence studies revealed that the test strains were not closely related to any validly published genera and that these strains were only distantly related to the genus Cyclobacterium (88.7-91.2%). Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the three getbol isolates formed a distinct monophyletic clade within the family Cytophagaceae. Physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic data also indicated that these three getbol isolates differed significantly from members of other genera and were sufficiently different from each other to be recognized as separate species. On the basis of polyphasic evidence, a new genus, Hongiella gen. nov., is proposed, with three novel species, Hongiella mannitolivorans sp. nov. (type strain JC2050T=IMSNU 14012T=DSM 15301T), Hongiella halophila sp. nov. (type strain JC2051T=IMSNU 14013T=DSM 15292T) and Hongiella ornithinivorans sp. nov. (type strain JC2052T=IMSNU 14014T=DSM 15282T). Hongiella mannitolivorans is the type species of the genus.
Bacteroides↗
The history, biology, and taxonomy of the Cytophaga group.
The first section of this review covers the important characteristics of the genera Cytophaga and Sporocytophaga. The topics discussed include vegetative cell structure, the spreading habit, and degradation of macromolecules. A historical account of these two genera follows, together with a discussion on the definition of, and species differentiation with the genus Cytophaga, and on the taxonomy of Sporocytophaga. The third section deals with the relationships of the cytophagas with the flavobacteria and includes a brief history of Flavobacterium, reassignation of some species to Cytophaga, differentiation from Cytophaga, and a discussion on the definition of the genus Flavobacterium. This is followed by a section dealing with the relationship of Cytophaga with the flexibacteria, starting with an introduction to the diversity of flexing organisms and taxonomic developments, and proceeding with the differentiation within the family Cytophagaceae, and species differentiation in Flexibacter. The concluding section includes a proposed redefinition of Cytophaga, a proposal regarding species conservation in this genus, and discussions on the relationship between the cytophagas and the myxobacteria and on the significance of cytophagas in the environment. The characteristics of all described species of Cytophaga, Flexibacter, and relevant flavobacteria are tabulated and a bibliography is presented.
Bacteriology↗
Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness of some menaquinone-producing Flavobacterium and Cytophaga strains.
Nine menaquinone-forming strains of the Flavobacterium--Cytophaga complex with DNA base compositions between 35 and 45 moles percent guanine-plus-cytosine were investigated for genome sizes and DNA relatedness by DNA:DNA hybridization in vitro, using the optically recorded initial reassociation kinetics. Two strains representing C. hutchinsonii and C. marinoflava proved to be related on the 50 percent binding level, i.e. on a level of DNA relatedness commonly found within well-classified conventional genera of bacteria. Strains of C. johnsonae, F. heparinum, F. meningosepticum, F. odoratum, F. pectinovorum, and an unnamed Flavobacterium--Cytophaga strain were found to be interrelated, and linked to the genus Cytophaga, on the 30, or 20 percent binding levels, respectively. These findings indicate that the organisms in question are related to Cytophaga. They therefore should be transferred into the family Cytophagaceae.
Base Composition↗
Role of Predatory Bacteria in the Termination of a Cyanobacterial Bloom.
Changes in cyanobacterial abundance and in the occurrence of bacteria capable of lysing cyanobacteria were monitored over a period of 6 months (May to October 1998) in eutrophic Brome Lake (Quebec, Canada), in which dense cyanobacterial blooms recur regularly. By screening lake water, we isolated two strains of lytic bacteria from the family Cytophagaceae. When tested on 12 cyanobacteria and 6 heterotrophic bacteria, strain 1 lysed only Anabaena flos-aquae and strain 2 lysed only Synechococcus cedorum, Synechococcus leopoliensis, Synechococcus elongatus, and Anacystis nidulans: both liquid and agar-grown cultures of these cyanobacteria were lysed. The number of plaque-forming units of bacteria increased dramatically during the decline of the bloom. The results are consistent with an important role for these host-specific lytic bacteria in control and elimination of cyanobacterial blooms in this lake.
Journal Article↗
Biological hydrogen production using a membrane bioreactor.
A cross-flow membrane was coupled to a chemostat to create an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) for biological hydrogen production. The reactor was fed glucose (10,000 mg/L) and inoculated with a soil inoculum heat-treated to kill non-spore-forming methanogens. Hydrogen gas was consistently produced at a concentration of 57-60% in the headspace under all conditions. When operated in chemostat mode (no flow through the membrane) at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.3 h, 90% of the glucose was removed, producing 2200 mg/L of cells and 500 mL/h of biogas. When operated in MBR mode, the solids retention time (SRT) was increased to SRT = 12 h producing a solids concentration in the reactor of 5800 mg/L. This SRT increased the overall glucose utilization (98%), the biogas production rate (640 mL/h), and the conversion efficiency of glucose-to-hydrogen from 22% (no MBR) to 25% (based on a maximum of 4 mol-H(2)/mol-glucose). When the SRT was increased from 5 h to 48 h, glucose utilization (99%) and biomass concentrations (8,800 +/- 600 mg/L) both increased. However, the biogas production decreased (310 +/- 40 mL/h) and the glucose-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency decreased from 37 +/- 4% to 18 +/- 3%. Sustained permeate flows through the membrane were in the range of 57 to 60 L/m(2) h for three different membrane pore sizes (0.3, 0.5, and 0.8 microm). Most (93.7% to 99.3%) of the membrane resistance was due to internal fouling and the reversible cake resistance, and not the membrane itself. Regular backpulsing was essential for maintaining permeate flux through the membrane. Analysis of DNA sequences using ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis indicated bacteria were most closely related to members of Clostridiaceae and Flexibacteraceae, including Clostridium acidisoli CAC237756 (97%), Linmingia china AF481148 (97%), and Cytophaga sp. MDA2507 AF238333 (99%). No PCR amplification of 16s rRNA genes was obtained when archaea-specific primers were used.
Anaerobiosis↗
Characterization of gliding motility in Flexibacter polymorphus.
Motility of the marine gliding bacterium Flexibacter polymorphus was studied by using microcinematographic techniques. Following adhesion to a glass surface, multicellular filaments and individual cells usually began to glide within a few seconds at a speed of approximately 12 micron per second (at 23 degrees C). Adhesion to the glass surface was evidently mediated by multitudes of extremely fine extracellular fibrils. Gliding velocity was independent of filament length but directly related to electron-transport activity and substratum temperature in the range 3-35 degrees C. The rate of gliding was inversely related to medium viscosity, suggesting that the locomotor apparatus functions at constant torque. Forward motion was occasionally interrupted by direction reversals, somersaults (observed primarily in single cells of short filaments), or spinning of filaments tethered by one pole. The frequency of direction reversal was found to be an inverse function of filament length. Translational motility was invariably accompanied by sinistral revolution about the longitudinal axis of a filament. The sense and pitch of revolution were constant among filaments of different length. Polystyrene microspheres or India ink particles adsorbed to gliding cells were actively displaced in either direction, their movement tracing either a regular zigzag or helical path along the filament surface. Because microspheres were also observed to move on nonmotile filaments, particle translocation was evidently not obligatorily linked to gliding locomotion. Multiple particles adsorbed to a single filament often moved independently. The data are consistent with a motility mechanism involving limited motion in numerous mechanically independent (yet functionally coordinated) domains on the cell surface.
Animals↗
Capnocytophaga: new genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria. I. General characteristics, taxonomic considerations and significance.
The characteristics of gliding bacteria isolated from both healthy and diseased sites in the oral cavity are, summarized and the taxonomic position of the bacteria discussed. Uniform attirubtes of the fusiform isolates include gliding motility, strictly fermentative metabolism dependent on the presence of CO2 (or HCO3-), under either anaerobic or aerobic conditions, presence of benzidine-reactive components, and the production of acetic and succinic acids as the major or sole, acidic, metabolic and products. Given the guanine and cytosine content of DNA, their gliding motility, and the ability of many strains to attack polysaccharide a relationship to the cytophagus is suggested. This relationship, along with the CO2-dependent growth is recognized by the generic name Capnocytophaga given them. Many of the isolates are grouped into three species C. ochracea, C. Sputigena, and C. gingivalis, separated on the basis of morphological and physiological traits.
Adult↗
Capnocytophaga: new genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria. II. Morphology and ultrastructure.
Gram-negative, anaerobic gliding bacteria were isolated from normal supragingival plaque and from periodontal lesions. Isolates could be divided into two size classes: small 2.4-4.2 micrograms x 0.38-0.5 microgram and large 4.8-5.8 micrograms x 0.42-0.6 microgram cells. The outer membrane was either loose-fitting and wavy, or taut, and of variable thickness. An electron-dense fuzz was discernible on several of the isolates. The periplasmic region was of variable electron-density. The genus Capnocytophaga has been proposed for these organisms based on morphological and cultural characteristics.
Adult↗
Capnocytophaga: new genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria. III. Physiological characterization.
Sixty-eight strains of capnophilic fusiform Gram-negative rods from the human oral cavity were subjected to extensive physiologic characterization, tested for susceptibility to various antibiotics, and the mol-percent guanine plus cytosine of each isolate determined. The characteristics of the isolates were compared with 10 fresh and 2 stock isolates of Fusobacterium nucleatum. The isolates clearly differed from the Fusobacterium species on the basis of mol-percent guanine plus cytosine, end products, growth in a capnophilic environment and fermentation of carbohydrates. All of the gliding isolates required CO2 and formed acetate and succinate, but not H2S, indole or acetylmethylcarbinol. All fermented glucose, sucrose, maltose and mannose. The organisms may be differentiated on the basis of fermentation of additional carbohydrates, hydrolysis of polymers and reduction nitrate. Three species are proposed: Capnocytophaga ochracea, Capnocytophaga sputigena and Capnocytophaga gingivalis. Ten isolates did not fit into the proposed species.
Adult↗
Capnocytophaga: new genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria. IV. DNA base composition and sequence homology.
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Adult↗
Enzymes involved in the utilization of carbohydrates by two strains of myxobacteria.
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Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
The fine structure of Herpetosiphon, and a note on the taxonomy of the genus.
The fine structure of the Gram-negative filamentous gliding bacterium, Herpetosiphon is described. The outer membrane of the cell envelope could not be resolved as a separate structure, probably because it is fused with the underlying dense (peptidoglycan) layer. There was an additional wall layer outside this membrane-peptidoglycan complex, but a sheath in the classical sense, as postulated in the definition of the genus, was lacking. On the cell surface a loose network of fibrils could be seen. Inside the cells 3 types of intracytoplasmic membranes were discernible: a) true mesosomes near cross walls; b) a system of coarser membranes which was not connected with the septa and formed networks or tubular complexes; c) degenerated septa within bulbs. The bulbs are swollen sections of filaments, occurred mainly in ageing cultures, and are probably a degeneration phenomenon. The filaments contained necridia, i.e. dead and empty cells, across which breaks may occur so that empty cell wall cylinders remain attached to the ends of the daughter filaments, falsely suggesting the presence of a sheath. The taxonomy of Herpetosiphon is discussed in detail: The organism has been described before as Flexibacter giganteus. It is proposed to abandon the species H. aurantiacus in favor of H. giganteus, but to retain the genus Herpetosiphon. An improved definition of the genus is given.
Cell Wall↗
Columnaris infection among cultured Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus.
Flexibacter columnaris was isolated from 13 cultured Oreochromis niloticus showing respiratory disorders. The isolates developed typical swarming rhizoid colonies on Cytophaga agar medium. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed the susceptibility of F. columnaris isolated to oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol and erythromycin. A marked difference in the pathogenicity of seven tested isolates was observed: two were highly virulent, one was moderately virulent and four were avirulent. No experimental infection could be induced with the highly virulent isolates except after injuring one of the natural barriers of the fish body. The severity of the disease and the increased median death time shortened by keeping infected fishes with injured gills in water containing ammonia. In naturally infected O. niloticus, the disease became chronic as indicated by the presence of excessive proliferative and necrotic changes. On the other hand, severe dilatation of branchial blood vessel, oedema and round cell infiltration proved that, the disease among experimentally infected tilapias was acute.
Animals↗
Effect of human leukocyte extracts and gingival exudate on periodontopathic bacteria.
The effect of leukocyte hydrolytic enzymes on periodontopathic bacteria was examined in vitro. A frozen and thawed extract of human peripheral blood leukocytes (LE) and human gingival crevicular exudate (GE) were shown to be able to cause the release of 50% of the radioactivity from a leukotoxic strain of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa Y4), labeled by 14C. A nonleukotoxic strain (Aa 653) was shown to be more susceptible to both LE and GE, up to 68% of the total radioactivity was solubilized by LE at pH 7.4. Both bacterial strains were found to be resistant to the activity of lysozyme, but highly susceptible to lysolecithin and mixtures of lysolecithin and lysozyme or LE. Capnocytophaga sputigena strain 4 was also found to be partially susceptible to the effect of LE and GE. The possible role of leukocyte hydrolytic enzymes in bacteriolysis and release of bacterial products in relation to periodontal disease is discussed.
Actinobacillus↗
Ultrastructural studies of the effect of human leukocyte extracts on periodontopathic bacteria.
Human gingival crevicular exudate (GE) and leukocyte extracts (LE) were previously shown to be able to release the bulk of radioactivity from a variety of 14C-labeled oral bacteria. The present study demonstrates that the release of radiolabel by these enzymatic agents from two periodontopathic bacteria (Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strain Y4 and Capnocytophaga sputigena strain 4) is accompanied by both cell wall and cytoplasmatic damage. The possible role of bacterial products released by lysosomal enzymes, present in the gingival crevice, is discussed.
Actinobacillus↗
Capnocytophaga infection involving a portal-systemic vascular shunt.
Capnocytophaga sp., a microaerophilic gram-negative isolate of the human oral cavity, has previously been reported to cause sinusitis, empyema, wound infections, conjunctivitis, subphrenic abscess, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, cervical abscess, and endocarditis. We report the unusual case of infection with this organism at the anastamotic site of a splenorenal portosystemic vascular shunt. In this case, the pathogenesis is presumed to be bacteremia related to mucosal trauma from endoscopic injection sclerotherapy or bacteremia secondary to dental infection. The characteristics and antibiotic sensitivities of Capnocytophaga are reviewed.
Bacterial Infections↗