[Impact of the conclusions of the 14th Congress of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia of public health in Czechoslovakia].
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Communism↗
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[Gustatory using phenylthiocarbamide and endemic goiter in Czechoslovakia 1967-1971. I. Demographic study on the relation of taste distinction of PTC (Phenylthiocarbamide) to the quantity and quality of goiter in 61,490 subjects in Czechoslovakia].
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Adolescent↗
Trends in mortality rate from malignant skin melanoma and other malignant skin neoplasms in Czechoslovakia during the period 1921--1970.
Mortality from malignant skin melanoma (172 ICD) has an ascending trend in Czechoslovakia (CSSR) the rate being higher after the year 1960 in Bohemia (CSR) than the Slovakia (SSR). Mortality from other malignant neoplasms of the skin (173 ICD) declines; this decline for the whole of Czechoslovakia has been statistically influenced mainly by the lower death rate from this cause in Bohemia, for in Slovakia this mortality rate has risen, although significantly only in women. The proportion of deaths from malignant skin melanoma (172 ICD) out of the total number of deaths from malignant skin neoplasms (172 + + 173 ICD) is relatively low in Czechoslovakia--lower in Slovakia than in Bohemia.
Adolescent↗
Czechoslovakia's changing health care system.
Before World War II, Czechoslovakia was among the most developed European countries with an excellent health care system. After the Communist coup d'etat in 1948, the country was forced to adapt its existing health care system to the Soviet model. It was planned and managed by the government, financed by general tax money, operated in a highly centralized, bureaucratic fashion, and provided service at no direct charge at the time of service. In recent years, the health care system had been deteriorating as the health of the people had also been declining. Life expectancy, infant mortality rates, and diseases of the circulatory system are higher than in Western European countries. In 1989, political changes occurred in Czechoslovakia that made health care reform possible. Now health services are being decentralized, and the ownership of hospitals is expected to be transferred to communities, municipalities, churches, charitable groups, or private entities. Almost all health leaders, including hospital directors and hospital department heads, have been replaced. Physicians will be paid according to the type and amount of work performed. Perhaps the most important reform is the establishment of an independent General Health Care Insurance Office financed directly by compulsory contributions from workers, employers, and government that will be able to negotiate with hospitals and physicians to determine payment for services.
Communism↗
Some epidemiological outlooks on cancer mortality in Czechoslovakia.
Study of the total mortality evolution of the population in Czechoslovakia indicated the steadily increasing and recently 20% participation of the malignant neoplasms and their leading, second position among main causes of deaths. The crude cancer mortality rates of all sites showed in the period 1946--1975 substantial increase more expressed in males, while the pattern of age-adjusted mortality rates of men were lower and in the women remained quite stable during the whole evaluated period. Cancer mortality in this period was characterized also with increasing overmortality of men. Analysis of age-specific death rates revealed not only higher mortality of males but also the shifting of the peaks to older age groups in both sexes. The malignant neoplasms of lung, stomach, prostate and rectum in men and the tumors of breast, stomach, colon, rectum and of genital organs in women were the most important individual sites. Finally, the actual cancer mortality rates of all sites in Czechoslovakia were compared with those of some European countries.
Adolescent↗
Protozoan parasites of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): a comparative study of their occurrence in Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia, with the description of Trichodina perforata sp.N.
In the course of a long-term study of protozoan parasites of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), a total of 27 protozoan species were discovered in Czechoslovakia and 26 species on the Bulgarian territory. Their list is supplemented with remarks on their pathogenicity, frequency of occurrence and morphology. There is no essential difference in the constituents of protozoan parasitofauna of carp between the two territories studied; a very similar fauna of protozoans can be anticipated on carp in other European regions. A new species, Trichodina perforata sp.n. is described from carps on Bulgarian territory; it is absent in Czechoslovakia. It is characterized by very thin, obliquely set thorns of denticles and by perforations in denticel blades. Throughout the area of the present distribution of the carp, records of its protozoan parasites include a total of 76 determined species, 6 parasites determined only to the generic level and 8 facultatively parasitic ciliates. Attention is drawn to several pathogenic species, which constitute a potential threat to carpiculture in Europe.
Animals↗
[Detection and dispensary care of groups of persons at increased risk of bronchogenic cancer disease in Czechoslovakia].
Epidemiological and clinical studies organized by the Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Research Institute, Prague, revealed that the main high-risk factors associated with the incidence of lung cancer in Czechoslovakia are as follows: are and sex, heavy cigarette smoking, persistent cough, expectoration and other symptoms of chronic respiratory disease, and lung lesions of tuberculosis or probably tuberculosis origin. The methods used in Czechoslovakia for lung cancer detection include photofluorography, which has been combined in some investigations with a standard questionnaire eliciting smoking habits and symptoms of respiratory disease. Cytological sputum investigation in suspicion to lung cancer was found to be a useful contribution to the diagnosis. The systematic dispensary control of persons with bronchogenic carcinoma or at high risk for this disease is provided by polyclinic Departments for Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases of the District Institutes of National Health in collaboration with general physicians, oncological and other specialized departments. Further studies on methods for detection and dispensary control of lung cancer high-risk groups represent an important research task.
Adolescent↗
[Development of the tuberculosis situation in Czechoslovakia in 1966--1974 (author's transl)].
There were declining trends of main epidemiological indices of tuberculosis in Czechoslovakia from 1966 to 1974 (Fig. 1 and 2). The smallest average yearly decrease of 4.9% was in the incidence of newly detected cases of active tuberculosis, the largest one of 21.6% in the prevalence of "tuberculous chronics" excreting tubercle bacilli in the last two years or longer. The total of newly detected cases of active tuberculosis and relapses per 100,000 inhabitants of corresponding groups of sex and age decreased in 1966--1974 in nearly all age groups of both sexes, the highest rates being in persons aged 45 years and over (Fig. 3). The participation of corresponding groups of population in BCG vaccination procedures was very high at the national scale during 1966--1974. The highest relative number of active cases of respiratory tuberculosis newly detected by photofluorography per 100,000 examinees of the appropriate group was found in persons with "fibrotic" lung lesions, less in persons investigated for their symptoms, still less in contacts with tuberculosis cases and least in persons not registered for lung lesions and investigated in mass X-ray examinations. The number of beds in institutions for special care of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases per 1,000 population by the end of the corresponding year decreased in Czechoslovakia from 1.1 in 1966 to 0.8 in 1974. The decrease of rates of tuberculous patients was accompanied by a decrease of the number of cases under ambulatory chemotherapy of tuberculosis. At the same time there was an increase in the number of cases treated for nontuberculous respiratory diseases in out-patients' and in-patients' departments of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases. In spite of the favourable epidemiological development of tuberculosis there remain large groups of the population -- especially in middle and higher age groups -- infected with tuberculosis in the past in which new cases of active tuberculosis may appear.
Adolescent↗
Alkaptonuria in the Trencín District of Czechoslovakia.
For several years the Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory at Martin, Czechoslovakia, has been studying alkaptonuria (AU) in the northern part of the District of Trencín in Slovakia. These affected individuals are part of a group of 103 alkaptonurics originated mostly in the mountainous parts of Slovakia. We report results of pedigree analyses; population and affected-family biochemical urine screening; estimation of inbreeding coefficient, of exogamy rate and of average marital distance and of calculation of the frequency of the AU allele, and of homozygotes and heterozygotes in this portion of the Trencín District. Twelve homozygotes were found, but seven originated from a single hamlet in which a founder effect - genetic drift and inbreeding - are thought to account for the high prevalence of AU.
Alkaptonuria↗
Skin test reactivity in inflammatory bowel disease in the United States and Czechoslovakia.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in the United States of America (USA) and Czechoslovakia (CSSR) were categorized by clinical, pathological, and radiological criteria as having Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) and were tested with five skin test antigens [Candida, mumps, purified protein derivative (PPD), streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD), and trichophytin] at two different dilutions in an attempt to elicit some evidence of anergy. No significant differences were encountered between the USA and CSSR populations or between any patient group and its controls.
Allergens↗
Emergency medical systems in Czechoslovakia.
The year 1987 witnessed the "velvet revolution" of Vaclav Havel and the beginning of democratic reform in Czechoslovakia. As the country struggles to build a market-based economy, it maintains a well-developed socialist system of health care that is patterned after the former Soviet system and is free to all (Am J Emerg Med 1984; 2:455-456). Formal private medical practice does not exist. Non-emergency care is provided by multispecialty, primary-care oriented clinics (polyklinka) where after-hours visits are possible due to the presence of on-call physicians. In small towns such an on-call doctor would be a general practitioner, but in large cities an internist, pediatrician, and surgeon might all be available.
Czechoslovakia↗
Fy (a-b-) phenotype in Czechoslovakia.
A family of gypsy origin, with 5 Fy(a-b-) members was found in Czechoslovakia. The involvement of the silen allele, Fy, in paternity testing is discussed.
Alleles↗
A comparison of hand growth in elementary schoolchildren in Czechoslovakia and the United States.
Studies have been made of the growth patterns of hands of elementary schoolchildren in Czechoslovakia (1707 children) and in the United States (1641 children). This paper compares the results of these studies and summarizes the patterns of growth for both hands of boys and girls aged from five to 12 years. The results indicate that the United States children generally have shorter and wider hands than their Czech counterparts. In both countries, boys have wider hands than girls, although there is evidence that at ages 11 and 12 years the girls' hands are longer. Growth spurts in both width and length measurements are apparent in children's hands in both countries, but the spurt often occurs at an earlier age in Czech children. Awareness of these general patterns of hand growth should be of assistance to the hand surgeon.
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[Blood parasites of small wild mammals in Czechoslovakia].
The author investigated 4,853 specimens of wild living small mammals (43 species: Insectivora, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Carnivora) from Czechoslovakia for blood parasites. Trypanosomes were found in Talpa europaea, Sorex alpinus, Crocidura suaveolens, Myotis myotis, Apodemus sylvaticus, Apodemus flavicollis, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Clethrionomys glareolus and Microtus agrestis. Babesia was detected in Myotis emarginatus, Myotis myotis, Clethrionomys glareolus, Microtus arvalis and Microtus agrestis. Grahaemella was found in Talpa europaea, Sorex araneus, Neomys fodiens, Neomys anomalus, Myotis emarginatus, Myotis myotis, Apodemus sylvaticus, Apodemus flavicollis, Apodemus microps, Apodemus agrarius, Mus musculus, Clethrionomys glareolus, Arvicola terrestris, Pitymys subterraneus, Microtus arvalis, Microtus agrestis, and Microtus oeconomus. Spontaneous Bartonella-infection was ascertained in one Microtus arvalis and, in erythrocytes of one Sorex araneus, parasitic organisms very similar to Bartonella were found.
Animals↗
[Phagotypes of the Salmonella paratyphi B strains isolated in Czechoslovakia 1986-1991].
The author presents an account of phagotypes of 70 strains of Salmonella paratyphi B isolated in 1986-1991 incl., from patients suffering from typhus B and registered carriers, isolates from river water and also from three new cases of carriers in Czechoslovakia. These isolated strains were sent for typing of Salmonellae to a Bratislava department for phagotyping. According to lytic findings with standard bacteriophages the strains were classified into 8 types. Another group is formed by strains which cannot be typed in the critical dilution (RTD) nor in its tenfold concentration (19.1%). During the investigation period the subtype 3aI (38.3%) and the phage type Taunton (21.9%) were most frequent.
Bacteriophage Typing↗
[Findings of body lice (Pediculus humanus L.) in Czechoslovakia].
The first finding of body lice in Czechoslovakia since year 1945 is demonstrated. The determination of the species is based on the location of the louse on the body of the infested person and on the significant differences in the length of tibia of middle legs in these lice and those collected from the head of children. Local eradication was achieved by using formulation containing permethrin, against head lice.
Adult↗
Gyrodactylus bohemicus sp. n. (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) from Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) and Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) (Clupeiformes: Salmonidae) in Czechoslovakia.
Gyrodactylus bohemicus sp. n (Gyrodactylidae: Monogenea) is described from the fins, skin and gill filaments of Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) and Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) (Clupeiformes: Salmonidae) from a trout farm in Czechoslovakia. G. bohemicus sp. n. is most closely related to G. thymalli Zitnan, 1960 and G. magnus Konovalov, 1967 in the shape of the anchors, the ventral and the dorsal bar, but can be distinguished from both these species by the shape of the marginal hook proper.
Animals↗
Anti-hantavirus antibodies in human sera in Czechoslovakia.
By indirect immunofluorescence using antigens of hantavirus Hantaan and CG 18-20 on Vero E6 cells were examined 5,827 samples of sera from 5,299 probands of Czechoslovakia. In 49 persons (0.94%) were found antibodies of titres 1:32 and higher. Two groups of elderly farm workers showed a cluster of positive individuals amounting to 9.9% and 29.4% respectively. The ratio of positivities in some other, randomly and specifically selected groups was deep below 1%. The partial results for the group of farmers were confirmed by RIA test. Occasionally antibodies only to one of the hantavirus serotypes, at other time, to both were found. The authors discuss the findings of antibodies of the two serotypes in humans as related to the evidenced existence of two hantavirus antigen serotypes in animals.
Adolescent↗