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Results for “DAY BLINDNESS”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Changes in the DC electroretinogram in Briard dogs with hereditary congenital night blindness and partial day blindness.

Five Briard dogs, 7-12 months old, with congenital night blindness and severely reduced day vision (offspring of a sister and brother with congenital and supposedly stationary night blindness but with normal or nearly normal day vision) and three normal control dogs were studied by means of direct current (DC) electroretinography in order to analyse fast and slow retinal and pigment epithelial (RPE) potentials. No definite a- and b-waves were seen in the affected dogs in the dark-adapted state, which indicates severely impaired rod function. All affected dogs responded to 30 Hz flickering light in the light-adapted state, although with an amplitude reduced by 50-70%. Thus, cone function was better preserved than rod function. The control dogs showed a small c-wave and a deep negative trough between the b- and c-waves, indicating that slow PIII from the Müller cells, as well as the photoreceptor potential, are very prominent. In the affected dogs, there was no c-wave, but from a stimulus intensity of 3 log U above the normal b-wave threshold, a slow negative potential appeared, the latency and peak time of which were very long, 5-7 and 11-15 sec, respectively. With increasing stimulus intensities, both parameters decreased substantially, whereas the amplitude increased to a maximum of 2400 microV. In the light-adapted state, the dog with the best day vision showed a negative potential of short duration (peak time about 0.2 sec), followed by a positive potential (peak time about 1.2 sec).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Ultrastructural changes of the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium in Briard dogs with hereditary congenital night blindness and partial day blindness.

The offspring of two Briard dogs (brother and sister) with congenital, clinically stationary night blindness showed an aggravation of the disease with severe impairment of day vision in addition to night blindness. This ultrastructural study was performed on four such second generation puppies at the age of 4 months. The neuroretina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from four locations were studied: the central area (immediately temporal to the optic disc); the centre of the tapetal area; the upper periphery (border of tapetal area); and the lower periphery (non-tapetal area). The RPE showed large inclusions, seemingly lipid in nature, mainly in the central and tapetal areas of the retina. Small, membrane bound, electron-dense inclusions were scattered in the RPE cytoplasm in all areas examined. The small inclusions were found to be less numerous in normal than in affected dogs and may be lysosomal in nature. Forty to fifty percent of the rod outer segments in the tapetal area showed disorientation of the disc membranes, whereas the corresponding figures were 20-40% in the central and lower peripheral areas and 6-25% in the upper peripheral area. No structural abnormalities were found in the rod inner segments or synaptic bodies. The cones were better preserved. The inner retina appeared normal. These electron microscopic findings seem to correspond to a previously published electrophysiologic evaluation, indicating a defective and delayed rod function (virtually no scotopic a- and b-waves), a better preserved cone function (photopic flicker responses present, although reduced) and impaired RPE activity (a prominent, slow negative potential of long latency at the site of the c-wave). It appears that these Briard dogs, showing structural changes of the rod outer segments in addition to pigment epithelial inclusions, mainly located in the posterior pole, comprise a pigment epitheliopathy and retinopathy morphologically different from other hereditary canine retinopathies that have been described earlier in the literature and different from animal models of congenital night blindness.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Day-blindness in three dogs: clinical and electroretinographic findings.

A 6-month-old Rhodesian ridgeback-cross, a 6-year-old Chihuahua and a 12-month-old Australian cattle dog were presented to the authors with a history of colliding with obstacles in daylight. Ophthalmic examination was normal and all three dogs successfully negotiated obstacle courses in dim light. In daylight the dogs became suddenly blind and repeatedly collided with obstacles. Elecroretinography (ERG) revealed no retinal activity to high frequency (30 Hz), bright intensity blue light retinal stimulation by any dog, confirming cone dysfunction. Achromatopsia has previously been recorded in Alaskan malamutes and miniature poodles. This clinical case series illustrates the characteristic behavioral presentation and the electroretinographic findings of severe day-blindness and demonstrates that this condition may exist in other breeds of dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Canine inherited retinal degenerations: update on molecular genetic research and its clinical application.

Inherited retinal degenerations in the dog include generalised progressive retinal atrophy, retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy, congenital stationary night blindness and day blindness (hemeralopia). The clinical phenotype and pathology of these diseases closely resemble some types of human inherited retinal degeneration, in particular retinitis pigmentosa, one of the most common inherited causes of blindness in man. Molecular genetic investigations aim to identify the genetic mutations underlying the canine inherited retinal degenerations. Two major research strategies, candidate gene analysis and linkage analysis, have been used. To date, candidate gene analysis has definitively identified the genetic mutations underlying nine inherited retinal degenerations, each in a different breed of dog, and linkage studies have identified genetic markers for a further retinal degeneration which is found in at least six different breeds. This review outlines the research strategy behind candidate gene and linkage studies and summarises recent results in the search for genetic causes of canine inherited retinal degenerations. The aim is to increase awareness of this rapidly changing field and to show how the research can be used to develop genetic tests for these diseases and thereby reduce the incidence of inherited eye disease in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Generalized progressive retinal atrophy in two Akita dogs.

Two distantly related, two- to three-year-old male Akita dogs developed partial or complete night blindness which progressed to day blindness. Clinical features were attenuated retinal blood vessels, diffuse exaggerated tapetal reflex, and hyperreflective horizontal lines in the tapetal fundus. The principal histologic change was regional photoreceptor cell degeneration. Areas of moderately atrophic sensory retina alternated, concentrically to the papilla, with areas of severely atrophic retina. Ultrastructurally, there was disorganization of photoreceptor outer segments, retinal gliosis, focal loss with reorganization of the outer limiting membrane, and retinal invasion by pigment epithelium-derived macrophages. Clinical observations on five additional Akitas with generalized retinal atrophy suggest that the condition is heritable.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Ultrastructural study of the distribution of calcium in the pineal gland of the rat subjected to manipulation of the photoperiod.

Using the pyroantimoniate technique, a study was conducted at electron microscope level on the distribution of the calcium ion in the pineal glands of normal adult Sprague-Dawley rats with initial weights of 150-200 g subjected to a 12:12 light dark cycle and others under the same conditions were subjected to modifications in the noradrenergic signal, such as continuous illumination over 7 days, blinding by bilateral enucleation (7 or 90 days) before sacrifice and bilateral superior cervical gangliectomy at 21 days before sacrifice. All the animals were sacrificed by decapitation, half of them at midday and the other half at midnight. Abundant fine precipitations of calcium were found in the intercellular spaces of the pineal glands of the normal rats. By contrast, in the gangliectomized animals subjected to constant illumination and chronic binding these precipitations were few in number. Additionally, two types of pinealocytes were observed regarding the distribution and concentration of intracytoplasmic calcium in both the normal and experimentally manipulated animals. Type I correspond to the classic light pinealocytes, with an absence of intracytoplasmic precipitations, although in the normal and gangliectomized animals sacrificed at midnight it was possible to observe fine deposits inside the mitochondrial matrix. Type II correspond to the classic dark pinealocytes, with a dense cytoplasmic matrix and numerous deposits of intracytoplasmic and intranuclear calcium; these were never seen in the type I pinealocytes.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1995

Can a day 4 bone scan accurately determine the presence or absence of scaphoid fracture?

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of day 4 bone scans in predicting the presence or absence of fracture in patients with "clinical scaphoid fracture." DESIGN: Prospective sensitivity study of ED patients with clinical scaphoid fractures. Each patient was immobilized in a thumb spica cast and had day 4 bone scans of both wrists and hands. Blinded day 4 bone scan results were ultimately compared with the diagnosis on day 14 when patients returned for repeat clinical examination and radiographs. In cases of equivocal radiographic or clinical examination results, a day 14 bone scan was performed. SETTING: Two tertiary care teaching hospital emergency departments. PARTICIPANTS: All ED patients older than 16 years with the diagnosis of clinical scaphoid fracture were eligible. RESULTS: Ninety-nine patients were enrolled and successfully completed the study protocol from October 1990 through November 1992. One patient had bilateral injury, for a total of 100 completed studies. Day 4 bone scans were 100% sensitive and 92% specific, for a positive predictive value of 65%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and accuracy of 93% (95% confidence interval, 88%, to 98%). Many other types of fractures were identified on the day 4 scans, including those of the triquetra, distal radius, capitate, hamate, trapezoid, trapezium, and metacarpals. CONCLUSION: Day 4 bone scans are an accurate means of ruling out scaphoid fracture. However, because of a significant number of false-positive scans at day 4, they do not reliably confirm the diagnosis of scaphoid fracture. The bone scans also permitted identification of several other wrist fractures that had not been radiographically apparent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Identifying responders to acid suppression in dyspepsia using a random starting day trial.

BACKGROUND: Functional dyspepsia is a heterogeneous condition and a uniform response to drug treatment is not likely. This may be the reason for the general failure of acid suppression in clinical trials in these patients. It may be more rewarding to identify true responders to drug treatment by a single subject trial. AIM: To develop and to test a novel single subject trial design (random starting day trial) in dyspeptic patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 301 dyspeptic patients entered a 16-day trial. All patients received placebo for the first 4 days and switched to omeprazole at a randomized and blinded day between day 5 and day 14. Response was defined as a sustained >/= 50% decrease in symptom score occurring in relation to drug shifting. RESULTS: Spontaneous response varied between 0.3% and 10.6% per day, uniformly distributed over time. Overall, 53-61% of patients with organic dyspepsia had a symptom response in relation to shifting to active treatment, compared to only 23% of patients with functional dyspepsia. The only predictor of response was symptoms suggesting gastro-oesophageal reflux. CONCLUSIONS: A random starting day trial may be a valuable tool to identify response to acid suppression in dyspeptic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Blindness and play fighting in juvenile rats.

Play behavior of blinded and sighted juvenile rats was measured using the brief paired-encounter procedure. Dyads of sighted-sighted, blind-blind, or sighted-blind rats were observed in a large or small chamber on alternate days for ages 28 through 43 days. Blinded rats played as frequently as sighted rats regardless of pair composition or chamber size. Vision is not essential for initiating or maintaining play fighting.

Aggression↗
PubMed1984

Altered gastric emptying and prevention of radiation-induced vomiting in dogs.

The relation between radiation-induced vomiting and gastric emptying is unclear and the treatment of this condition is not established. We explored, therefore, (a) the effect of cobalt 60 irradiation on gastric emptying of solids and liquids and (b) the possibility of preventing radiation-induced vomiting with the dopamine antagonist, domperidone. Twenty dogs were studied on two separate days, blindly and in random order, after i.v. injection of either a placebo or 0.06 mg/kg domperidone. On a third day, they received 8 Gy (800 rads) whole body irradiation with cobalt 60 gamma-rays after either placebo (n = 10) or domperidone (n = 10). Before each study, each dog was fed chicken liver tagged in vivo with 99mTc-sulfur colloid (solid marker), and water containing 111In-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (liquid marker). Dogs were placed in a Pavlov stand for the subsequent 3 h and radionuclide imaging was performed at 10-min intervals. Irradiation produced vomiting in 9 of 10 dogs given placebo but only in 1 of 10 dogs pretreated with domperidone (p less than 0.01). Gastric emptying of liquids and solids was significantly suppressed by irradiation (p less than 0.01) after both placebo and domperidone. These results demonstrate that radiation-induced vomiting is accompanied by suppression of gastric emptying. Furthermore, domperidone prevents vomiting produced by ionizing radiation but does not alter the accompanying delay of gastric emptying.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of multidimensional flow cytometry with standard morphology for evaluation of early marrow response in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PURPOSE: We compared multidimensional flow cytometry (MDF) with morphology in evaluating early marrow response to induction chemotherapy in pediatric ALL. METHODS: Chemotherapy response was determined by standard morphology or by MDF assessed by residual leukemic cell percentage remaining in the marrow on days 7, 14, and 28 of induction. Bone marrow response was classified as M3 (>25% leukemic blasts) or M1/M2 (< or = 25% leukemic blasts). Multidimensional flow cytometry evaluation was compared with that of standard morphology. Available day-7 and day-14 marrow slides were also reevaluated by a single pathologist without patients' clinical information. RESULTS: Of 46 day-7 specimens, eight (17%) had discordant MDF and morphologic results (P < 0.001), including six classified as M3 by morphology but were M1/M2 by MDF, and two were classified as M3 by MDF but were M1/M2 by morphology. Of 24 day-14 bone marrow specimens, five (20.5%) were discordant (P < 0.001), including two classified as M3 by morphology but were M1/M2 by MDF, and three were classified as M3 by MDF but were M1/M2 by morphology. Reevaluation of the blinded day-7 and day-14 marrow slides yielded discordance between repeated pathology readings of 11% (P < 0.001) and 6% (P = 0.04), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data show significant discordance between the morphologic and MDF evaluation of early marrow response. Early response to therapy is a significant prognostic indicator in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia and is used to alter subsequent treatment; thus, precise assessment of response is important. A larger comparison of MDF with morphology for the evaluation of early response, including correlation with clinical outcome, is warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Rapid detection of positive blood cultures with the BACTEC NR-660 does not require first-day subculturing.

An analysis of blood culture data was performed to determine whether subculturing within the first 24 h of incubation decreased the time to detection of positive blood cultures when compared with the routine use of the BACTEC NR-660 system (Johnston Laboratories, Inc., Towson, Md.). During a 9-month period (June 1985 to February 1986), 17,913 blood cultures were received in our laboratory, of which 1,463 (8.2%) became positive. Of the positive cultures, 97% were detected with equal or greater rapidity by the NR-660 system than by visual inspection and first-day blind subculturing. There were 37 delayed positive cultures from which only one isolate (0.07%) was not eventually detected by the NR-660 system. Coagulase-negative staphylococcus was the most frequent isolate among the delayed positive cultures, but only 3 of 15 isolates were known to be clinically significant isolates. The longest delay in detection by the NR-660 system was 6 days for one isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans and one isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Although subculturing may decrease the time to detection of a few cultures, the majority of positive blood cultures were detected faster or with equal speed by the NR-660 system. When the data were evaluated, routine use of the NR-660 system was sufficient for the detection of positive blood cultures and was cost-effective.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1996

Twenty-eight-day double-blind safety study of an HFA-134a inhalation aerosol system in healthy subjects.

A 28-day double-blind parallel group study has been conducted to compare the safety and tolerability of HFA-134a, a chlorofluorocarbon-free propellant in a pressurized metered-dose inhaler (MDI A), with a chlorofluorocarbon propellant (MDI C). Sixteen subjects were randomly assigned to receive one of the two MDIs, either four inhalations four times per day for 14 days or eight inhalations four times a day for 14 days, and were then crossed over to the alternative exposure regime with the same propellant for the next 14-day period. No clinically significant changes occurred in blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiograms, pulmonary function (FEV1, FVC, FEF25-75%), haematology or serum chemistry. One subject in the MDI A group had elevated eosinophil counts throughout the study; there were no other remarkable clinical laboratory data. Fifty six adverse events were related to the study propellants; 34 of these occurred in the MDI C group and 22 in the MDI A group. For each adverse event no statistically significant differences were detected between propellant systems or between exposure levels. The most frequent adverse event was headache, which was reported by four subjects with each propellant system. Blood samples for HFA-134a in the MDI A group were collected on day 28 to measure systemic absorption. Blood levels of HFA-134a were detected in all subjects given this propellant within 1 min post-exposure, and these levels decreased to one-tenth of the original value by 18 min after the start of exposure. The safety and tolerability of an HFA-134a chlorofluorocarbon-free system was demonstrated over 28 days of exposure in healthy subjects. These negative results are clinically important because they indicate it will be safe to proceed with the study of this chlorofluorocarbon-free system in asthmatic patients.

Adolescent↗