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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1985

[Study on the genesis of atopic dermatitis--atopic dermatitis and IgE].

For the purpose of investigating how IgE is correlated in the genesis of Atopic dermatitis (abbreviated as AD) micronizing method of RIST (necessary serum 10 microliter) was utilized. Serum IgE obtained from 369 cases AD, age ranged from 1 month old to 52 years old were studied. In 78 cases, IgE of the objects' parents were also studied as well. Serum IgE of the healthy control, age ranging from 3 days old to 49 years old, were studied and made comparison with those of the objects. Analysis was made in accordance with the factors like age, complication, disease type and prognosis. RAST (house dust, mite, egg, milk) and SKIN TEST (Scratch test) were carried out in order to observe the correlation between serum IgE and Specific IgE or to see the possible induction of eczematous lesion by specific IgE. The following were obtained as conclusion. Serum IgE of AD will show high level in significant manner in comparison with the healthy control from the time of infantile period. Low IgE group will show high rate of improvement after 3 years period of time. High IgE of parents will more or less affect serum IgE of their child or children. Correlation between serum IgE and the severity of AD is not noted in the infantile period but significant in the adult period. In the Scratch test immediate type of reaction could not induce eczematous lesion of AD. Induction of eczematoid reaction in AD was noted with high incidence following the Scratch test of Candida antigen. From the above it is assumed that in AD, although serum IgE level is high, induction of eczematous lesion could not be made by skin invasion of specific IgE antigen to the skin, pruritus by immediate type of reaction following release of chemical mediator will bring the tearing off the skin by scratch and invasion to the epidermis of inflammation inducing materials like human dander, sweat, bacteria or mycological agents eczematous lesion will start to take place.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Identification of Malassezia species isolated from patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor and normal subjects.

We identified Malassezia species isolated from 42 patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis, 17 patients with atopic dermatitis, 22 patients with pityriasis versicolor, 35 normal subjects and 73 healthy medical students. Regarding the prevalence of Malassezia species in the 35 normal subjects, the frequency of isolation of Malassezia globosa was 22%, M. sympodialis 10% and M. furfur 3%. M. slooffiae, M. pachydermatis, M. restricta and M. obtusa were infrequently isolated from normal skin. Two different species were isolated coincidentally from seven samples. In the patients with atopic dermatitis, M. furfur was isolated more frequently from lesional skin (21%) than non-lesional skin (11%). However, there was no statistical significance. Therefore, this result, by itself, is insufficient to prove that M. furfur should be considered to be an exacerbating factor of atopic dermatitis. In seborrhoeic dermatitis, M. furfur (35%) and M. globosa (22%) were isolated from lesional skin on the face at significantly high rates in comparison with the normal subjects. Therefore, M. furfur and/or M. globosa may be pathogens of seborrhoeic dermatitis. M. globosa was isolated at a frequency of 55% from lesional skin of pityriasis versicolor, while all other species were below 10%. These data suggest that the pathogenic species of pityriasis versicolor is M. globosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Clinical, immunological and MRI features of myelitis with atopic dermatitis (atopic myelitis).

In order to clarify the characteristic features of myelitis with atopic dermatitis (AD), we compared the clinical, immunological and MRI findings between 14 myelitic patients with AD and 12 myelitic patients without AD. The myelitic patients with AD showed the following distinct features, compared with those without AD. (1) A preferential involvement of the cervical cord, as shown by neurologic as well as MRI examinations (14/14 vs. 5/12; P=0.0012), (2) paresthesia/dysesthesia as the predominant symptoms and a rare occurrence of definite muscle weakness (0/14 vs. 5/12; P=0.0120) and dysuria (1/14 vs. 8/12; P=0.0029), (3) a lower Expanded Disability Status Scale score (mean, 1.5 vs. 3.5; P=0.0018), (4) normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings including those for the IgG index and oligoclonal IgG bands and (5) a persistence of neurologic symptoms and MRI lesions during the follow-up periods (mean, 17 months). In addition, both the serum total IgE level and the frequency of specific IgE to Dermatophagoides farinae were significantly higher in the myelitic patients with AD (median IgE=1266 U/ml, specific IgE 14/14) than in those without AD (145 U/ml, P=0.0034 and 8/12, P=0.0331, respectively) and in 40 healthy controls (86 U/ml, P<0.0001 and 12/40, P<0.0001, respectively). Since myelitis with AD has distinct features and atopy to mite antigens appears to be the underlying cause of this condition, it may therefore be a distinct subtype of myelitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

Studies of HLA-ABC and DR antigens in pure atopic dermatitis and atopic dermatitis combined with allergic respiratory disease.

The HLA-ABC antigens were investigated in 29 patients with pure atopic dermatitis and 43 patients with atopic dermatitis combined with atopic respiratory disease (ARD). Furthermore, the DR antigens were studied in 10 patients with dermatitis alone and in 24 patients with combined atopic disease. The frequencies of antigens and the HLA phenotypes A1, B8 and A3, B7 in the entire group of patients and in two subgroups did not differ significantly from those in controls, when correction was made for the number of comparisons made. However, the frequency of HLA-DR7 was strikingly low, but this observation needs confirmation. IgE levels were measured in eight patients with pure dermatitis and in 24 patients with dermatitis combined with ARD and found equally increased in both groups compared to controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome gene as a candidate gene for atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis is a multifactorial disorder probably caused by environmental factors in combination with susceptibility genes. The clinical similarity between atopic dermatitis and the eczema manifestation in patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome made the previously identified WAS gene in chromosome sub-band Xpl 1.23 an interesting candidate gene for atopic dermatitis. We studied linkage and association to the WAS gene region using four polymorphic microsatellite markers in 406 Swedish families with at least two siblings affected with atopic dermatitis (in total 1514 individuals). In the analyses, we studied two qualitative traits: atopic dermatitis and elevated allergen-specific serum IgE antibodies, and one quantitative trait, a severity score of atopic dermatitis. We found that the marker MAOB gave positive linkage with a maximum lod score of 1.68 (p<0.05) to the severity score of atopic dermatitis. Association could not be seen to atopic dermatitis nor to elevated allergen-specific serum IgE antibodies in this region using the transmission disequilibrium test. Our results indicate that either the WAS gene or another gene in the area contributes to the severity of atopic dermatitis.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed1998

Ceramide and cholesterol composition of the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis skin tends to be easily irritated and appears dry. These clinical peculiarities correspond to impaired barrier function and to increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL) values. A few studies suggest that a reduced amount of total ceramides (especially of ceramide 1) is responsible for functional abnormalities of the skin of atopic dermatitis patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between epidermal lipids and barrier impairment in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. The quantity of ceramides, cholesterol sulphate and free cholesterol of 47 patients with atopic dermatitis and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects was assessed by cyanoacrylate stripping and thin layer chromatography. Capacitance and TEWL were recorded at the same site of the lipid sample. In patients with atopic dermatitis, the levels of ceramide 1 and 3 were significantly lower and values of cholesterol significantly higher with respect to healthy subjects. Moreover, the CER/CH ratio was significantly lower with respect to normal skin. Patients with active signs of eczema also had higher TEWL values and lower capacitance values. By contrast, patients with no active signs of atopic dermatitis had a normal barrier function and intermediate values of ceramides and cholesterols, when compared to patients with atopic dermatitis with active lesions and normal subjects. The quantity of ceramide 3 was significantly correlated with TEWL impairment. These findings suggest that a decrease in ceramides in the stratum corneum is involved in barrier impairment in atopic dermatitis skin. Our data confirm those of other authors and support the view that impaired metabolism of ceramides may be the cause of dry skin and impaired barrier function in atopic dermatitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The millennium criteria for the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis forms an active area of basic and clinical research, where important new knowledge about genetics and immunopathogenesis has surfaced over the past years, and where simultaneous development of new and innovative therapies is under way. However, the inclusion of any patient in an atopic dermatitis study, whether it is on its genetics, pathogenesis or therapy, requires a diagnosis which is irrefutable. Since there is no simple and also no complicated laboratory procedure to reach a diagnosis of atopic dermatitis, different sets of clinical criteria have been developed for the purpose of making the diagnosis uniformly in different studies as well as in different study centers. The most commonly used are Hanifin and Rajka's set of diagnostic features, which have major and minor clinical criteria to be fulfilled in order to establish a diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. Recent developments in the immunology of atopy have clearly established the major abnormality in this syndrome, the preferential production of allergen-specific IgE. In this contribution, it is suggested that the presence of such antibodies in a given patient should be a mandatory criterium for the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. Such a diagnostic test however establishes a diagnosis of atopic syndrome, not atopic dermatitis. Thus, for atopic dermatitis we have to rely, for the time being, on additional clinical criteria. The clinical features described in the literature are critically evaluated, and it is suggested that in addition to the mandatory presence of allergen-specific IgE, 2 of 3 principal criteria (pruritus, typical morphology and distribution, chronic or chronically relapsing) should be present for such a diagnosis. Finally, the minor features originally described by Hanifin and Rajka and later evaluated by others are revised and divided over 4 subcategories; a) related to subclinical eczema; b) related to dry skin; c) extra skin folds; and d) ophthalmological pathology. They are suggested to be used as additional criteria only, needed when clinical suspicion is high but the new mandatory and principal diagnostic criteria described here are inconclusive. For study purposes, we suggest that the mandatory and principal criteria are sufficient. They are now evaluated and validated in ongoing atopic dermatitis treatment studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Expression of T cell receptor V beta chain in lesional skin of atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disorder characterized by local infiltration of T cells. To date, numerous reports have shown that Staphylococcus aureus may exacerbate atopic dermatitis, and superantigens produced by this organism are thought to be one of the major causative factors in atopic dermatitis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of staphylococcal superantigen in atopic dermatitis by observing expression of the variable region of beta chain of T cell receptor (TCR V beta) in the inflammatory cells infiltrating cutaneous lesions of atopic dermatitis. Fourteen patients with atopic dermatitis were enrolled. Punch biopsy specimens were obtained from lesional and normal-appearing skin of all patients. The expression of TCR V beta was studied by means of immunohistochemical technique using monoclonal antibodies. In 4 out of 14 patients, the tendencies of preferential expression of specific TCR V beta were found in lesional skin. This study suggested that staphylococcal superantigen and its corresponding T cell subsets may act as causative or pathogenic factors in a subgroup of atopic dermatitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Secular change in the occurrence of atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis is a common disease, and population-based studies indicate that the frequency of atopic dermatitis has increased substantially during recent decades. It has been generally accepted that disease onset occurs before 7 years of age in 80-90% of the cases, and consequently the epidemiology of atopic dermatitis has been studied mostly in children on admission of first grade school. Before 1960 about 2-3% of children suffered from atopic dermatitis. In the 1960s, some 4-8% was recorded in several studies, and for those born after 1970 most researchers found that 9-12% developed atopic dermatitis during childhood. The diagnostic criteria of Hanifin and Rajka are cumbersome for population studies not designed specifically for children. In order to compare epidemiologic data from varying times and locations, a framework for questionnaire studies in atopic dermatitis is proposed.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Immunophenotyping of skin-infiltrating T-cell subsets in dogs with atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis in dogs has many clinical features that are identical to those of the same disorder in man. To investigate the pathogenesis of this disease in dogs and the possibility of similarities to the pathogenesis in humans we compared the presence and ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in the cutaneous infiltrate of lesional and non-lesional skin of atopic dogs with that in the skin of healthy dogs. In ten dogs with atopic dermatitis and ten healthy dogs the skin was biopsied at the predilection sites for atopic dermatitis and histological sections were immunohistochemically stained for CD4 and CD8. The staining showed an increase in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in canine lesional atopic skin, with a predominance of CD4+ T-cells in the epidermis. In non-lesional atopic skin there was also an infiltration with CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, but without predominance of CD4+ T-cells. The results in the separate predilection sites did not differ substantially from the mean results. These observations indicate further similarities in the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in dogs and humans, which may have consequences for the control of atopic dermatitis in dogs and contributes to a possible role of the dog as a model for human atopic dermatitis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to major and minor Dermatophagoides allergens in canine atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory and pruritic skin disease commonly seen in dogs and humans. Most cases involve hypersensitivity to the house dust mites (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Human atopic dermatitis is associated with the HDM derived allergens Der f 1 and 2, and Der p 1 and 2. Serological data, however, suggest that a 98/104kD protein is the most important allergen in dogs with atopic dermatitis. The aim of this study was to characterise the specificity of circulating T-cells in canine atopic dermatitis for HDM derived allergens. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from dogs with atopic dermatitis that were skin test positive for D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus were cultured with crude extracts of D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus and D. microceras, a 98/104kD allergen purified from D. farinae, Der f 1 and Der f 2. There was significantly greater responsiveness of PBMCs to the D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus extracts compared to the D. microceras extract, and similarly to the purified 98/104kD allergen compared to Der f 1 and Der f 2. The close association between serological findings and PBMC proliferation implies that the 98/104kD HDM protein is a major target of immune recognition and that T-cells also participate in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis by supporting IgE production.

Allergens↗
PubMed2001

A role for leukotriene antagonists in atopic dermatitis?

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing skin condition that affects over 2% of the population. The pathophysiology of this disease is not completely understood, but immunologic abnormalities and the subsequent release of inflammatory mediators play a central role. Treatment with glucocorticoids has long been the standard of care, but their use is limited by their adverse effect profile. Leukotrienes (LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4) are metabolites of arachidonic acid produced through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They play an important role in inflammatory and atopic conditions. LT modulating agents have been used with success in asthma. Recently, there has been increased interest in the potential utility of LT antagonists in atopic dermatitis. In vitro and in vivo data have demonstrated that LTs may play a key role in atopic dermatitis. The 2 different types of LT-modulating agents are 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors and LT receptor antagonists. Since the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor acts at an earlier step in the LT synthetic pathway, it has the ability to alter the production of all the LTs, including LTB4, while the receptor antagonists target only the cysteinyl LTs, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4. This reduction of LTB4 activity may point to a therapeutic advantage in using LT synthesis inhibitors as opposed to LT receptor antagonists for atopic dermatitis. Clinical evidence of the use of LT agents in atopic dermatitis is limited, but initial results have been promising and these agents may one day serve as corticosteroid-sparing treatments for atopic dermatitis.

Anti-Asthmatic Agents↗
PubMed2000

Adult-onset atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis beginning in adult life is not mentioned in the medical literature. In a review of 2604 patients attending a contact dermatitis clinic, 243 patients (9%) were diagnosed with atopic dermatitis which began for the first time at 20 years of age or older with no contact factors present. This compares with 213 patients (8%) who had atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis. Patients with purely atopic dermatitis had negative patch testing to relevant allergens and the diagnosis was based on a personal or family history of atopy as well as elevated IgE levels and multiple positive skin prick tests. A broad range of age of onset was found, as well as a female preponderance. The commonest sites of dermatitis were generalized involvement, dermatitis of the hands or eczema involving the face.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Cellular and immunologic mechanisms in atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is frequently associated with respiratory allergies. Atopic dermatitis develops as a result of a complex interrelationship of environmental, immunologic, genetic, and pharmacologic factors. Efforts to understand the relative contributions of these factors have led to research seeking to identify the relevant effector cells and mediators involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. These factors include the pattern of local cytokine release, the differentiation of helper T cells, multiple roles of IgE, skin-directed cell responses, infectious agents, and superantigens. This article reviews these cellular and immunologic mechanisms underlying atopic dermatitis and discusses how an understanding of their role in the inflammatory process may lead to improved treatments for atopic dermatitis.

Dermatitis, Atopic↗
PubMed1998

[Atopic dermatitis].

Atopic dermatitis is an important manifestation of the atopic diathesis with increasing incidence. The average lifetime prevalence in Switzerland is about 13%. The skin disease is characterised by severe itching, eczematous skin lesions with often distinctive distribution, dryness of the skin and a personal of family history of atopic diseases. The following article summarises some clinical, epidemiological, therapeutical and pathogenetical aspects of atopic dermatitis. Studies from the allergy unit of Zurich contributed to a better understanding of the disease. Thus, Storck was contributing various studies about neurovegetative and circulatory dysregulations in patients with atopic dermatitis. Furthermore, he already realised in 1955 a relation between exacerbations of eczema and the sensitisation to inhalatory allergens. Schnyder demonstrated that asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis have the same genetic background and Wüthrich contributed important data about the natural history of the disease and the occurrence and relevance of total and specific IgE antibodies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The presence of surface CD30 on T cells in atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) has cellular immunohistochemical features similar to those of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and there is plenty of evidence for T-cell activation in this disease. The involvement of CD30+ T cells in acute stages of atopic dermatitis might establish CD30 as a helpful marker in differentiating those two diseases. Tissue sections from the skin of 12 patients with active atopic dermatitis and 13 with allergic contact (nickel-induced) dermatitis were immunohistochemically analyzed for cell-surface antigens, including CD30, CD3, CD4, and CD45RO. The severity of the disease was graded by the SCORAD clinical scoring system. The analysis of CD30+, CD45RO+, CD3+, and CD4+ cells in the dermis and epidermis showed a much wider range of values and statistically higher median (p<0.01) in the inflammatory infiltrate of acute atopic dermatitis compared with that of allergic contact dermatitis. Our results showed an association of CD30 expression with atopic dermatitis, but not allergic contact dermatitis. CD30 expression in AD might be helpful in histologic differentiation of these disorders and further characterization of atopy patch testing. The results suggested a specific regulatory function of CD30+ T cells in acute AD. Abundant CD45R0+ cells were detected in both AD and ACD lesions.

Adult↗