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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2005

In vitro activities of posaconazole, ravuconazole, terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole against dermatophyte, yeast and non-dermatophyte species.

The in vitro activities of two new triazole antifungal agents with broad-spectrum antifungal activity, posaconazole and ravuconazole, were compared with those of three well-established antifungal agents, terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole, against 184 clinical isolates. These included 129 dermatophyte isolates (twelve species), 25 yeast isolates (five species) and 28 non-dermatophyte isolates (nine species). In vitro testing was conducted using microdilution plates with RPMI 1640 and National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines (M27-38P) were followed, except for the preparation of the dermatophyte inoculum. Both posaconazole and ravuconazole showed similar broad-spectrum activity against dermatophyte, yeast and non-dermatophyte species. Mean inhibitory concentrations (MIC) at which 90% [MIC90] of the isolates were inhibited by posaconazole and ravuconazole were 0.25 and 0.5 microg/ml for dermatophytes, 0.5 and 0.25 microg/ml for yeasts, and >4 and 8 microg/ml for non-dermatophytes. The MIC ranges against Trichophyton (six species), Microsporum (five species) and Epidermophyton flocossum were: posaconazole (0.007-1.0/0.007-0.25/0.007-1.0 microg/ml), ravuconazole (0.015-8.0/0.015-1.0/0.015-1.0 microg/ml), itraconazole (0.015- >8.0/0.015-0.5/ 0.015-8.0 microg/ml), fluconazole (0.125- >64.0/4.0 >64.0/0.5-64.0 microg/ml) and terbinafine (0.003 >2.0/0.007-2.0/0.007 >2.0 microg/ml). Overall ranking of the antifungal activity of the five antifungal agents was: terbinafine > posaconazole > ravuconazole > itraconazole > fluconazole, for dermatophytes; ravuconazole > posaconazole > itraconazole > fluconazole > terbinafine, against yeasts; and posaconazole > ravuconazole > terbinafine > itraconazole > fluconazole, for non-dermatophytes.

Antifungal Agents↗

PubMed1990

In vitro activity of seven azole compounds against some clinical isolates of non-dermatophytic filamentous fungi and some dermatophytes.

The in vitro activity of seven azole compounds viz clotrimozole, isoconazole, bifanazole, fluconazole oxyconazole, Bay n 7133 and Bay L 9139 was investigated against 47 clinical isolates of pathogenic non-dermatophytic filamentous fungi and dermatophytic fungi. The isolates included Hendersonula toruloidea-26, Scytalidium hyalinium-5, Scytalidium japonicum-1, Trichophyton rubrum-5, Trichophyton tonsurans-3, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes-4, Epidemophyton floccosum-2, Microporum gypseum-2 isolates. The drugs were significantly more active against the dermatophytes (MIC range 0.025-1.56 micrograms/ml) than non-dermatophytes (MIC range 0.39-6.25 micrograms/ml). Isoconazole showed more activity than the rest of the azole compound tested. Clotrimazole, fluconazole, oxyconazole, bifonazole were comparable in their inhibitory activity against both dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes. The azole derivatives, Bay n 7133 and Bay L 9139 showed higher MIC range i.e. gave a range of 0.39-1.56 micrograms/ml for dermatophytes and 1.56-6.25 micrograms/ml for non-dermatophytic filamentous fungi. The minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of all the drugs tested were mostly within 2-8 times their MIC values.

Arthrodermataceae↗

PubMed2001

Isolation of an intron-containing partial sequence of the gene encoding dermatophyte actin (ACT) and detection of a fragment of the transcript by reverse transcription-nested PCR as a means of assessing the viability of dermatophytes in skin scales.

An internal partial sequence of the gene encoding actin (ACT), 725 to 762 bp in length, was amplified by PCR from the genomic DNA extract of 12 species of dermatophytes and sequenced. An intron that is 56 to 93 bp in length was located along the ACT fragment of all of the dermatophytes at codon position 301 (-3) (a codon number followed by "-3" indicates that the intron directly follows the codon) with reference to the amino acid sequence of human alpha-smooth muscle actin. A primer pair that annealed to exon sequences flanking the ACT-associated intron produced a dermatophyte-specific 171-bp amplicon by reverse transcription-nested PCR (RT-PCR) of dermatophyte ACT mRNA. PCR primer pairs with antisense sequence based on the ACT intron sequence were species specific for dermatophytes, suggesting a potential for use in the identification of dermatophytes. The viability of dermatophytes in skin scales was subsequently assessed by the presence of ACT mRNA in total RNA extracted from a 48-h culture of scale samples in 250 microl of yeast carbon base broth. RT-nested PCR of dermatophyte-infected samples amplified an ACT fragment of the predicted size of 171 bp. The results of viability testing based on ACT mRNA detection by RT-nested PCR correlated with cultural isolation from skin scales. This method is a potential tool for rapidly assessing fungal viability in the therapeutic efficacy testing of antimycotics.

Actins↗

PubMed2002

[Identification and viability assessment of dermatophytes infecting nail based on quantitative PCR of dermatophyte actin (ACT) mRNA].

The diagnosis and choice of treatment for dermatophytoses are usually based on the result of microscopic observation of hyphal elements and culture. However, false negative cultures have sometimes been encountered and appropriate timing of discontinuation of treatment has not been formulated. In this study, we attempted the identification and viability assessment of dermatophytes based on the quantitative measurement of dermatophyte actin (ACT) mRNA. An internal fragment of the ACT, 725 to 762 bp, was isolated by PCR from the genomic DNA of dermatophytes and sequenced. ACT intron-based primers were dermatophyte species-specific and primer pairs crossing the intron were dermatophyte genus-specific. The LightCycler (LC) instrument, employing the two-step RT-PCR/fluorescent hybridization system, was used to quantify the actin mRNA (ACT) of dermatophytes. A 669 bp ACT cDNA fragment was used as a quantification standard. Several mg of samples were collected from skin scales or nail plates before and after the treatment using oral terbinafine. The results indicated that quantification of ACT mRNA correlated with the results of culture and KOH examination and that copy numbers of dermatophyte ACT mRNA per mg sample decreased with progression of the therapy. This method comprises a sensitive (1 fg), specific, rapid (< 4 h) and quantitative assessment of the viability and identification of dermatophytes in skin tissue.

Actins↗

PubMed1992

Dermatophyte and non-dermatophyte onychomycosis in Singapore.

Onychomycosis is caused by dermatophytes, moulds and yeasts. It is important to identify the non-dermatophyte moulds as they are resistant to the usual anti-fungals. A prospective study was undertaken in the National Skin Centre, Singapore to study the pattern of dermatophyte and non-dermatophyte onychomycosis. 53 male and 47 female patients seen between June 1990 and June 1991 were entered into the study. Direct microscopy was done and the nail clippings were cultured. Toe and finger nails were equally infected. Dermatophytes were isolated from 21 patients namely, T. rubrum (12/21), T. interdigitale (5/21), T. mentagrophytes (3/21) and T. violaceum (1/21). Candida onychomycosis occurred in 39 patients and was caused by C. albicans (38/39) and C. parapsilosis (1/39). 37/39 patients had associated paronychia. 5 types of moulds were isolated from 12 patients, namely Fusarium species (6/12), Aspergillus species (3/12), S. brevicaulis (1/12), Aureobasilium species (1/12) and Penicillium species (1/12). Although the clinical pattern and microscopy may predict the type of organisms, in practice this is difficult. Only cultures were confirmatory. 28% (28/100) had negative cultures despite a positive microscopy, and moulds (12/100) grown might be contaminants rather than pathogens.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

A survey of dermatophytes isolated from human patients in the United States from 1979 to 1981 with chronological listings of worldwide incidence of five dermatophytes often isolated in the United States.

A survey of dermatophytes isolated from patients seeking medical advice was made from 1979 to 1981 in the United States. The survey included 54 locations with data from 40 cities and 2 states. Correlations of these data with that of the other localities of the world were made to illustrate the dynamic epidemiology of several common dermatophytes. The most often isolated dermatophyte in this survey was Trichophyton rubrum having 53.66% of the total for these three calendar years. In a chronological listing of ringworm infections caused by this organism, many areas of the world have reported similar increased incidence of this pathogen. Trichophyton tonsurans was isolated 27.85% of the total. A dramatic increase of this pathogen as a cause of tinea capitis has been observed in most cities of the United States. It has been isolated in 25 different countries of the world. The percentage of isolation of Trichophyton mentagrophytes was 8.56%. This percentage may not be near the true incidence of infection by this dermatophyte because the infections are mild and respond to treatment without the individual seeking medical advice. Since the 1950s the percentage of isolations of the total has dropped for T. mentagrophytes in the United States. Epidermophyton floccosum accounted for 4.36% of the total. In a few areas of the world it causes over 30% of the total of dermatophytoses. Microsporum canis was isolated 3.72% of the total in the United States. It has recently been reported to be the dominant agent of tinea capitis in several South American countries, Tucson, Arizona and Kuwait. Once the dominant pathogen of tinea capitis in children in the United States, it was replaced by Microsporum audouinii before 1960. Today in the United States, M. audouinii only accounts for 0.30% of the total. It is considered eliminated as a pathogen in England. In this survey, isolated less than 1.0% of the total were Microsporum gypseum. Microsporum ferrugineum , Microsporum nanum , Microsporum fulvum and Trichophyton schoenleinii . Trichophyton meginii and Trichophyton terrestre were reported isolated but no numerical data were available.

Arthrodermataceae↗

PubMed1984

Phospholipid synthesizing enzymes of dermatophytes. III. Glycerol kinase of dermatophytes.

Glycerol kinase, the key enzyme for glycerol use in phospholipid synthesis, was identified in cytosolic fractions of 2 dermatophytes, Microsporum gypseum and Epidermophyton floccosum. Ammonium sulfate was observed to activate and stabilize this enzyme in both dermatophytes. Two pH optima, 8.0 and 10.5, were observed for both dermatophyte enzymes. Glycerol kinase from M. gypseum was purified up to 33-fold with a 225% recovery by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration. The molecular weight of the enzyme was ca. 4.5 X 10(5). It had 2 pH optima of 8.0 and 10.5. The enzyme had Km values of 0.35 mM and 2.3 mM for glycerol and ATP. Reactivity of the enzyme for various nucleotides was ATP greater than TTP greater than GTP greater than ITP = CTP = UTP. Kinetic studies showed the enzyme to catalyze the reaction by the ping-pong mechanism. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and glucose-6-phosphate inhibited the enzyme competitively, whereas glucose was not inhibitory.

Ammonium Sulfate↗

PubMed2003

Isolation of dermatophytes and non-dermatophytic fungi from soil in Nigeria.

A total of 60 soil samples were collected from Ifite Awka, Nnamdi Azikiwe University and Amawbia, all located in Awka Urban, Anambra State, Nigeria. An additional sample was collected from a household rug-carpet vacuum cleaner from a house located in Enugu city, Enugu State (a neighbouring state). The 61 samples were investigated for the occurrence of dermatophytic and non-dermatophytic fungi, using the hair-bait technique and agar dilution procedure. The medical importance of the isolates in the samples is discussed.

Arthrodermataceae↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Confirmation of dermatophytes in nail specimens using in-office dermatophyte test medium cultures. Insights from a multispecialty survey.

Using data from a multicenter nationwide multispecialty survey, the authors investigated the efficacy of in-office dermatophyte test medium (DTM) and central laboratory cultures used to confirm onychomycosis across samples collected by podiatric, dermatologic, and primary-care physicians. The samples collected by podiatric physicians were both positive or both negative in 43% and 27% of patients, respectively. Samples harvested by dermatologists were both positive in 37% of patients and both negative in 32%, while the samples collected by primary-care physicians were both positive in 28% of patients and both negative in 38%. The accuracy of DTM and central laboratory tests is dependent on the proper collection of nail samples, and the accuracy of mycologic test results varied significantly across nail specimens harvested by podiatric, dermatologic, and primary-care physicians. DTM culture was found to be an effective and convenient method of confirming dermatophyte infections in patients with signs of onychomycosis. The data presented here indicate that the special expertise of podiatric physicians in treating foot-related illnesses translates into more accurate mycologic testing.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

[Dermatophytes in the Arad area of Rumania. Importance of the nematode Eudiplogaster flagellicaudatus in the lifecycle of geophylic dermatophytes (author's transl)].

2500 strains of dermatophytes have been isolated in the town and country of Arad/Rumania in the period between 1956-1980. Trichophyton rubrum was isolated first in Rumania in 1956 by Ilea. At the time it represented only 3%, now 62,56% of the isolated strains. The other results see table 1. The fungi found in the town and county of Arad/Rumania are different from those isolated in Bukarest by I. Cojocaru. The nematode Eudiplogaster flagellicaudatus (Andrassy), a mycophage nematode, is important for the lifecycle of geophylic dermatophytes.

Arthrodermataceae↗

PubMed2005