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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and nosologic classification of the dementia syndrome.

Some clinical aspects of the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and the nosologic classification of the dementia syndrome are presented. In discussing the definition of the dementia syndrome and its differentation from other organic brain syndromes, the criteria of DSM III are taken into account. Considering the nosological classification of the dementia syndrome particular emphasis is placed on the most frequent diseases in the senium, the Multi-Infarct Dementias (MID) and the primary degenerative dementias (PDD, according to DSM III). The clinical problems in differentiating MID from PDD and Morbus Pick from the dementia of the Alzheimer type in the group of are discussed in more detail.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Child abuse: differential diagnosis, differential treatment.

This study assessed the relationship between treatment intensity and rehabilitation at discharge of child abusers whose MMPI profiles revealed high levels of psychological distress. It should be noted that this sample does not represent the child abuser who requires only a support group or outpatient counseling. Because of repeated failures at other social service agencies coupled with the court selection process, this sample may be described as having been screened for intransigence, severity of symptomatology, and resistance to previous attempts at treatment. It is noteworthy that participation in treatment was court-ordered, thereby diminishing the possibility of improvement because of subject characteristics, emotional availability or stamina in the treatment process. In this exploratory study, the association between treatment intensity and assessed rehabilitation yielded a positive and statistically significant relationship. The client who received intense weekly treatment for longer durations was assessed as having a higher degree of rehabilitation. This finding is important particularly for a population that exhibited an abnormally high degree of psychological distress. As an initial investigation, results support the need for differential diagnosis and subsequent differential treatment of child abusers. Without differential diagnosis, treatment needs may go unrecognized; without intense and sustained treatment, the needs of the highly distressed child abuser may go unmet.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

CT and MR imaging of extrahepatic fatty masses of the abdomen and pelvis: techniques, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and pitfalls.

The differential diagnosis of extrahepatic abdominopelvic masses is wide. Demonstration of fat within a lesion at noninvasive imaging is an important clue for narrowing the differential diagnosis. Macroscopic fat is readily identified with both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Demonstration of microscopic fat is more difficult and may require special techniques. Identification of fat with CT is based on x-ray resorption and therefore on the attenuation (typically less than -20 HU). Several MR imaging techniques have been developed for fat suppression. Two of the most widely available are spectroscopic fat saturation and chemical shift (in-phase/opposed-phase) imaging. Entities with predominantly macroscopic fat include myelolipoma, angiomyolipoma, teratoma, liposarcoma, lipoma, epiploic appendagitis, omental infarction, and mesenteric panniculitis. Lesions with predominantly microscopic fat include adrenal adenoma and some teratomas. Other fat-containing entities involve the mesentery and bowel wall; these include fibrofatty mesenteric proliferation and submucosal fat deposition.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed2001

The spectrum of thyroid diseases in childhood and its evolution during transition to adulthood: natural history, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and management.

In this contribution, we review current knowledge on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of thyroid disorders in childhood and adolescence, as well as present an update on therapy methods and management guidelines for these disorders. This overview is conceptually divided into two parts, one focusing on thyroid functional disorders, i.e. conditions leading to hyper- and hypothyroidism, and another one pertinent to structural abnormalities of the thyroid gland, i.e. nodular disorders and thyroid cancer. Currently, congenital hypothyroidism is diagnosed in a much more timely fashion rather than in the past, rendering hypothyroidism-related mental retardation and developmental deficits very rare in newborns and children and, hence, diminishing significantly its public health impact. At the same time, considerable advances have occurred in our understanding of the molecular basis of several genetic conditions affecting the thyroid gland in childhood, such as familial non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism, as well as of the pathways leading to thyroid neoplasia.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Fundamental principles of diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of ocular tuberculosis].

Results of author's many-year studies of ophthalmic tuberculosis are presented. A method for verification of tuberculous origin and a system of diagnosis and differential diagnosis have been developed, which ensure a universal approach to diagnosis of ophthalmic tuberculosis and essentially reduce the incidence of erroneous diagnoses. Schemes for optimizing etiotropic drug therapy are proposed, decreasing the duration of the basic course to 6 months due to increase in the number of effective drugs during the initial phase of therapy to 3-4 and obligatory combination of systemic and local treatment. The incidence of tuberculosis in risk group is analyzed. Tasks of phthisioophthalmologists and ophthalmologists of outpatient health centers in detection and treatment of patients with ophthalmic tuberculosis are formulated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The Aulhorn flicker test: possibilities and limits. Its use in optic neuritis for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, monitoring the course of the disease, and assessing the effect of oral prednisolone.

The Aulhorn flicker test, which measures subjective brightness in relation to flicker frequency, is of high specificity (98%) and sensitivity (85.5%) in active optic neuritis (ON). The test has proved to be valuable in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ON and in monitoring the course of the disease. The first part of this paper gives an overview based on more than 10 years of experience and on the evaluation of more than 1000 eyes, 250 of them with active ON. The possibilities and limits of the test are analyzed. The second part of the paper presents new results of a prospective, randomized, and controlled treatment study. The Aulhorn flicker test was used to determine whether a prednisolone effect would be assessable by means of this subtle parameter. A total of 50 patients were treated orally with either methylprednisolone (100 mg/day initially) or vitamin B1 (100 mg/day), 38 of them in a double-blind fashion. Although a trend toward faster recovery in favor of prednisolone treatment was noted, no long-term benefit was observed after 1 year.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1996

[Migraine: diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment].

Headache takes a large place in daily medical practice, and it is important to try and establish the most precise possible diagnosis. An outline of the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of migraine is followed by a discussion of interval drug treatment forms and counselling. Today's recommended treatment for attacks and the commonest sources of error in migraine management are summarized.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1992

[Renal cell carcinoma--diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prognosis].

OBJECTIVES: Consideration of the approach to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma and the criteria needed for an assessment of prognosis. MAJOR POINTS: Thanks to the comprehensive use of ultrasonography and abdominal CT, asymptomatic renal cell carcinomas confined within the renal capsule are now more often being discovered and treated by curative surgery. With the aid of ultrasonography, abdominal CT and NMR imaging, pre-operative visualization of tumor spread is now better, although, with the exception of angiomyolipoma, it is still not possible to adequately differentiate the rare benign tumors of the kidney, for example oncocytoma, from renal cell carcinomas with these procedures. The TNM classification permits a highly differentiated prognostic classification of the renal cell carcinomas. The additional prognostic parameters, triploidy and hypertetraploidy determinable by flow cytophotometry, are also considered. CONCLUSIONS: Early detection of renal cell carcinomas in an asymptomatic stage decisively influences the further prognosis, so that for all upper abdominal ultrasonographic explorations, performed for whatever reason, attention should be paid to such incidental findings.

Carcinoma, Renal Cell↗
PubMed1987

The fibrositis syndrome: diagnosis, differential diagnosis and pathogenesis.

The fibrositis syndrome represents a clinically definable entity, which is characterised by spontaneous pain, especially in the lumbar and cervical region, and more rarely in other movable parts, multiple tendomyosis, tendinitis and insertion tendinitis, as well as a wide variety of functional syndromes, vegetative symptoms and psychological disturbances. The course of the illness is rather variable; its commencement can be slow to develop or acute, initially presenting a localised clinical picture similar to a lumbar or cervical condition, and gradually, or in jumps, showing a deterioration accompanied by a generalisation of complaints. Various factors are probably instrumental in triggering off the fibrositis syndrome. The most important ones are emotional stress whereby symptoms of fear, depression, etc. lead to muscle tension and insertion tendinitis. Somatic factors such as malposition of the spinal column, may also contribute towards the manifestation of the clinical picture. The so-called secondary fibrositis syndromes should be defined from the point of view of differential diagnosis; they can develop within the framework of inflammatory rheumatic conditions, through infections and endocrinopathy. Differential diagnosis is very difficult considering depression alongside pain in the movable parts and "psychogenic rheumatism". Smooth transitions are in existence. Polymyalgia rheumatica and polymyositis, which produce similar clinical pictures, must be differentiated from the fibrositis syndrome.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1976

[Dysphagia. Diagnosis, differential diagnosis].

The wide scope of differential diagnosis in dysphagia makes interdisplinary team-work essential. The aim of this review therefore is to show the various specialties of medicine dealing with dysphagia and to point out possible causes and therapeutic measures.

Abscess↗
PubMed2003

[Study on pathological features and diagnosis, differential diagnosis of olfactory neuroblastoma].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the common characteristics of pathological morphology and immunohistochemical staining of olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB), and to raise the diagnostic ability for ONB. METHODS: 34 cases of ONB, 11 cases of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and 76 cases of malignant lymphoma (ML) were collected, the clinical information were investigated, and the biopsy samples were stained and observed as follows: (1) Routine HE staining and viewed under the light microscope. (2) Expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin-A (CgA), leukocyte common antigen (LCA), desmin, and sarcometic actin (S-actin) were determined in both ONB and RMS cases. In addition, S-100 protein, cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) were detected in the ONB and myoglobulin detected in the RMS. ML samples were stained for LCA, CD45RO, CD56, and CD20. The NSE, CgA, desmin and S-actin were stained in 10 cases of NK/T cell ML and 9 cases of B cell ML additionally. (3) 4 cases of ONB, RMS and ML were observed under transmission electron microscope respectively. RESULTS: The ages and clinical manifestations of ONB, RMS and ML were similar. The morphological characteristics of ONB included epithelial nests; net of angioma-like fibrous connective tissues; small round cells and small short spindle cells and nucleus; glandular and squamous liked epithelium; Homer-Wright and Flexner rosette; bunch of neurofibrilla, etc. NSE and CgA were expressed in small cells. S-100 protein was positive in the area of bunch of neurofibrilla. AE1/AE3 was positive in epithelial cells, LCA, while desmin and S-actin were all negative. Ultrastructurelly, there were neurosecretory granules and neurofibrilla in the cytoplasm of a few tumor cells. Although there were some similarities among ONB, RMS and ML under the light microscope, their characteristics of pathologic morphology, immunohistochemical staining and transmission electron microscope were different. CONCLUSIONS: The features of the morphological changes are the most important basis to make diagnosis for ONB. The results of immunohistochemical staining can verify it further and play an important role in its differential diagnosis. Transmission electron microscope is very important but not essential for its diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Paraurethral cysts--diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment (a case report)].

The aim of the authors is to reflect clinically upon a rare pathology of the female genital system vaginal cysts. The presentation includes description, diagnostical methods, differential diagnosis and treatment of the paraurethral cysts and urethral diverticulum. It was fully described on the basis of clinical case from the gynecological practice on a patient with paraurethral cyst, which was removed surgically with good outcome and result.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapy of lymphedema].

Swellings in the legs, caused by lymphedema, are encountered quite frequently in everyday orthopedic practice. The swellings are hard, pale in color and usually painful. Swellings of this kind occasionally atrain a completely disproportionate size and are the referred to as elephantiasis. Lymphedemas fall into two categories: 1. Congenital lymphedemas. These comprise lymphedemas occuring as a result of aplasias or dysplasias of lymph vessels. 2. Acquired lymphedemas: In such cases the edema may be due to mechanical causes, or it may be the result of a disturbance of lymph drainage, e.g., due to the destruction of lymph vessels by metastases, following extirpation of lymph nodes and radiation therapy; or it may be the result of inflammatory processes, e.g., following erysipelas, in filariasis or after a wound infection. Four stages of lymphedema are also distinguished: Stage I - latent lymphedema Stage II - reversible lymphedema Stage III - irreversible lymphedema Stage IV - Elephantiasis. Apart from clinical diagnosis the most comprehensive and reliable diagnostic procedure is lymphangiography. A simple and well-tried method of diagnosing lymphedema is to inject lymphotropic dye subcutaneously. The technique is outlined. The differential diagnosis of lymphedema is described. With regard to treatment, reference is made to surgical possibilities. However, these do not always augur success and the complication rate is high. Massive lymphedemas, therefore, are usually treated conservatively, by Van der Molen's tube method, with intermittent cuff pressure (pressure-curve therapy) and manual lymph drainage. The various treatment methods are described and some of the disadvantage and risks involved are pointed out.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Etiology, symptomatology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and management of Crohn disease].

The non specific, chronic, inflammatory, granulomatous Crohn's disease is not common in our country. Despite wide clinical and experimental experiences, its etiology hasn't been cleared yet. Its symptoms are especially various. The diagnosis--particularly in early stages--despite the clinical feature and modern diagnostic methods, is difficult. Only histology can give exact diagnosis. However Crohn's disease often can be diagnosed only on the basis of clinical symptoms, later appearing complications featuring this disease--particularly fistula--and indirect histological changes that can be seen in biopsy. Differential diagnosis--particularly in early stages--is also difficult, as the symptoms of Crohn's disease may be similar to symptoms of any other abdominal diseases. The therapy of Crohn's disease is mainly medical, even in some of those cases, when the occurring complications don't threaten the patient's life. Remission doesn't mean total recovery. Even by supporting treatment the disease may relapse at any time. Surgical treatment in indicated only in those cases, when complication occur threatening the patient's life, when active medical treatment is insufficient, or despite medical treatment progression can be observed.

Crohn Disease↗
PubMed1992

[Adult-onset Still's disease. Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment].

The article describes two cases of adult Still's disease and reviews the relevant literature. Adult onset Still's disease is characterized by high peaks of fever, arthritis, arthralgia, rash, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, leucocytosis, liver dysfunction and negative tests for antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factors. Still's disease should be regarded as a possible differential diagnosis in adult patients who present such features.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Value of MR for the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapy follow-up of Perthes' disease].

59 children were examined by MR, including 31 with Perthes' disease, 7 with subluxating Perthes' disease and 12 with hip pain of unknown origin; the results were compared with conventional radiological findings. MR was superior for the early recognition and for the exact determination of the extent and localisation of juvenile femoral epiphyseal necrosis. It was also of great help in differential diagnosis. It appears to be a suitable method for judging the effect of therapy at an early stage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Transient ischemic attacks and prolonged reversible ischemic neurologic deficit. Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment].

Cerebral and ocular ischemic events are classified according to their duration and localisation in transient (< 24 hours) or permanent (> or = 24 hours) cerebral (transient ischemic attack (TIA), cerebral infarct) and ocular (amaurosis fugax, retinal infarct) deficits. The terms "Prolonged Reversible Ischemic Neurological Deficit" (PRIND, > or = 24 hours to < or = 7 days) and "Reversible Ischemic Neurological Deficit" (RIND, > or = 24 hours to < or = 3 days) are no longer used. The differential diagnosis of TIAs and ischemic strokes is discussed. Ischemic strokes are an emergency and should be referred within five hours at the latest to a centre, which offers around the clock acute therapies such as fibrinolysis and an organised stroke management. Secondary stroke prevention after TIA or stroke encompasses the treatment of vascular risk factors, carotid endarterectomy, anticoagulation in the presence of cardiac embolism (target international normalised ratio, 2.5; range 2.0-3.0) and the administration of platelet inhibitors. Carotid endarterectomy is indicated, when luminal narrowing is at least 70%, and not indicated when it is less than 50%. The benefit of endarterectomy in 50-69% stenoses decreases, and individual predictors of the operation risk are useful for choosing the appropriate treatment. Patients without indication for carotid endarterectomy or oral anticoagulation are treated with platelet inhibitors. We use the combination dipyridamole-aspirin as first choice drug, because it has been shown to be superior to aspirin and dipyridamole alone. In the presence of adverse effects or contraindications for dipyridamole we prescribe aspirin (100-300 mg daily). We administer clopidogrel (75 mg daily) if dipyridamole and aspirin are not indicated, have caused adverse effects, or did not prevent ocular or cerebral ischemic events.

Aspirin↗