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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1991

Transfer of Brevibacterium divaricatum DSM 20297T, "Brevibacterium flavum" DSM 20411, "Brevibacterium lactofermentum" DSM 20412 and DSM 1412, and Corynebacterium glutamicum and their distinction by rRNA gene restriction patterns.

The results of DNA-DNA hybridization and chemotaxonomic studies indicated that the glutamic acid producers Brevibacterium divaricatum DSM 20297T (T=type strain), "Brevibacterium flavum" DSM 20411, "Brevibacterium lactofermentum" DSM 1412 and DSM 20412, Corynebacterium lilium DSM 20137T, and Corynebacterium glutamicum DSM 20300T and DSM 20163 are members of the same species. It is proposed that all of these strains should be classified in the species Corynebacterium glutamicum. Another glutamic acid-producing strain, Corynebacterium callunae DSM 20147T, was not related at the species level to C. glutamicum and should retain its separate species status. A restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in which oligonucleotides targeted against conserved regions of 16S and 23S rRNA genes were used as hybridizing probes distinguished the individual strains. This method may be a helpful tool for strain identification.

Base Composition↗

PubMed2003

Reclassification of Lactobacillus maltaromicus (Miller et al. 1974) DSM 20342(T) and DSM 20344 and Carnobacterium piscicola (Collins et al. 1987) DSM 20730(T) and DSM 20722 as Carnobacterium maltaromaticum comb. nov.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterizations of Lactobacillus maltaromicus strains DSM 20342(T) and DSM 20344 provided evidence for the reclassification of this species in the genus Carnobacterium. Moreover, phenotypic and genotypic comparisons made between L. maltaromicus and Carnobacterium piscicola highlighted that these two species should be considered synonyms. For these reasons, the species Carnobacterium maltaromaticum comb. nov. (type strain DSM 20342(T) = ATCC 27865(T) = CCUG 30142(T) = CIP 103135(T) = JCM 1154(T) = LMG 6903(T) = NRRL B-14852(T)) is proposed to accommodate L. maltaromicus and C. piscicola.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗

PubMed1991

Posttraumatic stress disorder after a school shooting: effects of symptom threshold selection and diagnosis by DSM-III, DSM-III-R, or proposed DSM-IV.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of symptom threshold and criteria set selections on the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults and children exposed to a man-made disaster and determine how well DSM-III and its successors agree. METHOD: Data gathered in the course of a voluntary clinical screening for PTSD in 66 adults and 64 children 6 to 14 months after exposure to a school shooting were analyzed according to DSM-III, DSM-III-R, and proposed DSM-IV criteria for PTSD diagnosis and cluster endorsement using liberal (occurring at least a little of the time), moderate (occurring at least some of the time), and conservative (occurring at least much or most of the time) symptom thresholds. RESULTS: Within DSM-III, DSM-III-R, and proposed DSM-IV, selection of liberal, moderate, and conservative symptom thresholds had robust effects on rates of diagnoses; liberal thresholds allowed the greatest frequencies of diagnosis. Compared with DSM-III and proposed DSM-IV, DSM-III-R generally diagnosed the fewest cases. Agreements between DSM-III-R and proposed DSM-IV were good, while agreements between DSM-III and its successors varied for children and adults. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic rates and agreements were complexly influenced by interactions among threshold and revisions in symptom clusters. The present study suggests that attempts to refine PTSD classification consider specification of symptom threshold intensity and supports the view that modification of criteria sets be undertaken with caution.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Changing paradigms from a historical DSM-III and DSM-IV view toward an evidence-based definition of premature ejaculation. Part I--validity of DSM-IV-TR.

BACKGROUND: In former days, information obtained from randomized well-controlled clinical trials and epidemiological studies on premature ejaculation (PE) was not available, thereby hampering the efforts of the consecutive DSM Work Groups on Sexual Disorders to formulate an evidence-based definition of PE. The current DSM-IV-TR definition of PE is still nonevidence based. In addition, the requirement that persistent self-perceived PE, distress, and interpersonal difficulties, in absence of a quantified ejaculation time, are necessary to establish the diagnosis remains disputable. AIM: To investigate the validity and reliability of DSM and ICD diagnosis of premature ejaculation. METHODS: The historical development of DSM and ICD classification of mental disorders is critically reviewed, and two studies using the DSM-IV-TR definition of PE is critically reanalyzed. RESULTS: Reanalysis of two studies using the DSM-IV-TR definition of PE has shown that DSM-diagnosed PE can be accompanied by long intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) values. The reanalysis revealed a low positive predictive value for the DSM-IV-TR definition when used as a diagnostic test. A similar situation pertains to the American Urological Association (AUA) definition of PE, which is practically a copy of the DSM-IV-TR definition. CONCLUSION: It should be emphasized that any evidence-based definition of PE needs objectively collected patient-reported outcome (PRO) data from epidemiological studies, as well as reproducible quantifications of the IELT.

Coitus↗

PubMed1990

The impact of DSM-III on diagnostic practice in a university hospital. A comparison of DSM-II and DSM-III in 10,914 patients.

The DSM-III is the first criteria-based, multiaxial classification system of mental disorders. Since its introduction in 1980, it has received more attention than any previous nosology in the history of psychiatry. The present report attempts to gauge the impact of DSM-III on diagnostic practice at one of the largest university-affiliated psychiatric hospitals in the United States. It compares the diagnoses given to 10,914 hospitalized patients during the last 5 years of the DSM-II era and the first 5 years of the DSM-III era. There were two major consequences of the change from DSM-II to DSM-III: (1) a marked reduction in the diagnosis of schizophrenia and a corresponding increase in the diagnosis of affective disorders, and (2) a marked increase in the diagnosis of personality disorders.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Cross-system agreement among demographic subgroups: DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV and ICD-10 diagnoses of alcohol use disorders.

Increasing importance is being placed on the appropriateness of methodologies for different population subgroups, such as women as well as men, non-Whites as well as Whites, and older and younger individuals. In the alcohol field, this applies to a number of areas, including the agreement between diagnoses of alcohol use disorders by different sets of diagnostic criteria. We tested the agreement between DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria for alcohol dependence and abuse in demographic subgroups of a sample of 962 community residents screened for heavy drinking in the previous 12 months. Good to excellent agreement was found for current diagnoses of dependence across all subgroups and classification systems. For past diagnoses, agreement was good across all subgroups for comparisons that did not involve DSM-III, and quite low for comparisons of DSM-III to other classification systems across subgroups. With few exceptions, cross-system agreement for diagnoses of alcohol abuse was poor. This result was also consistent across demographic subgroups. Results suggest that studies can be compared equally well for diagnoses of alcohol dependence subsequent to DSM-III for males and females. Whites and non-Whites, and older and younger respondents. Abuse remains a problematic category psychometrically across all demographic categories, even in this sample of largely untreated household residents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Agreement between DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV and ICD-10 alcohol diagnoses in US community-sample heavy drinkers.

DSM-III-R, DSM-IV and ICD-10 definitions of alcohol dependence were all developed from the concept of the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome, and thus have a common theoretical link. This link is not shared by DSM-III, and no link exists between definitions of abuse in the different classification systems. The level of agreement on diagnoses produced by the different systems has practical as well as theoretical implications. We tested this agreement in 962 US household residents randomly sampled and screened for heavier than average drinking in the last 12 months. Agreement for most comparisons involving diagnoses of current dependence ranged from good to excellent, with no clear pattern of lower agreement for DSM-III. However, agreement on past dependence was sharply lower for comparisons involving DSM-III than those involving the other classification systems. This appeared to be due to the DSM-III requirement for physiological dependence and the apparently emerging nature of the disorder in this relatively young, non-treatment sample. Comparisons for abuse were generally poor for current as well as past diagnoses. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Diagnostic concordance of DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV and ICD-10 alcohol diagnoses in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the validity of diagnostic criteria for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) when applied to adolescents. This study examined the diagnostic concordance of DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV and ICD-10 AUDs in a sample of adolescents with a broad range of alcohol problem severity. METHOD: Participants were 413 adolescents (250 male), ages 13 to 19, drawn from clinical and community sources. AUDs were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM (SCID), modified to make diagnoses in the four nosological systems. Diagnostic agreement for lifetime diagnoses was quantified with the kappa statistic. RESULTS: Agreement was fair to high across the three categories of alcohol dependence, alcohol abuse and no alcohol diagnosis (kappa = 0.51 to 0.76); for alcohol dependence (kappa = 0.51 to 0.83); and for the categories of any AUD versus no AUD (kappa = 0.55 to 0.96). Concordance was very low for alcohol abuse diagnoses (kappa = 0.10 to 0.23), with the exception of DSM-III-R and DSM-IV (kappa = 0.62). Dependence was superior to abuse in the degree of temporal overlap in diagnostic agreements. CONCLUSIONS: Similar to findings with adults, diagnostic concordance among adolescents tended to be fair to high for alcohol dependence and very low for alcohol abuse. The data highlight the inconsistency across nosological systems in the conceptual framework and definition of the alcohol abuse category.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Changing paradigms from a historical DSM-III and DSM-IV view toward an evidence-based definition of premature ejaculation. Part II--proposals for DSM-V and ICD-11.

BACKGROUND: In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), a descriptive definition for premature ejaculation (PE) that was based on historical assumptions has been accepted. AIM: To formulate a new functional definition of PE in the DSM. METHODS: A "syndrome" approach instead of a "complaint" approach is applied and evidence-based data from epidemiological and clinical studies are used. RESULTS: A new functional definition of PE should pertain to a cluster of "symptoms" of a distinct "syndrome." A syndrome rather than a descriptive definition should distinguish Lifelong and Acquired PE variants. Evidence-based data also suggest another PE type "Natural Variable PE," which is not a typical syndrome but rather a cluster of inconsistent symptoms of rapid ejaculation. Moreover, in "Natural Variable PE" the occurrence of rapid ejaculation is not based on neurobiological or psychological pathology, but belongs to the normal variability of sexual performance. Its prevalence is probably much higher than that of Lifelong and Acquired PE. We propose three separate operationalized definitions of these three PE types for the pending DSM-V and ICD-11, which include a quantification of the ejaculation time (intravaginal ejaculation latency time), inability of ejaculatory control, and a description of severity of PE in terms of psychological distress. CONCLUSION: The use of the intravaginal ejaculation latency time into the DSM-V and ICD-11 would mean that statistical evidence becomes accepted as one of the mainstays for establishing an evidence-based definition of the three PE types.

Coitus↗

PubMedDate not supplied

DSM-III and DSM-III-R: what are American psychiatrists using and why?

The purpose of this study was to determine whether American psychiatrists have switched from DSM-III to DSM-III-R as their primary diagnostic reference, and to examine what factors predicted the continued use of DSM-III. In 1989, we conducted a mail survey of practicing psychiatrists (N = 454), residency program directors (N = 128), residents (N = 1,331), and researchers (N = 196) regarding their training in, use of, and opinions about DSM-III and DSM-III-R. Approximately 30% of practitioners continued to use DSM-III as their primary diagnostic reference, although this was less frequently true of researchers and residents. In none of the four groups did a majority believe that DSM-III-R was needed, despite the fact that the majority of each group indicated that it was an improvement over DSM-III. The most commonly perceived reasons for publishing DSM-III-R were that it corrected problems with DSM-III and new research indicated changes were warranted. Compared with DSM-III-R users, DSM-III users more frequently believed that the 7-year interval between the two editions was too short, that DSM-III-R was not needed, and that the revised manual was little better than the original. Thus, 2 years after the publication of DSM-III-R 90% of psychiatrists were using DSM-III-R, at least in part, although a substantial minority continued to use DSM-III as their primary diagnostic manual. Even among DSM-III-R users, many believed that the revised manual was not needed. The perceived need for DSM-III-R was associated with the reasons ascribed to its publication; therefore, acceptance of DSM-IV may be partially a function of how its development is promoted and justified. That nearly one third of a random sample of practicing psychiatrists continued to use DSM-III supports concerns that the publication of DSM manuals every 6 or 7 years will divide the psychiatric community into subgroups using different diagnostic criteria.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Correspondence between DSM-III-R and DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correspondence between DSM-III-R and DSM-IV definitions of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in clinically referred children. Results of the field trials led to the hypothesis that there would be a strong correspondence between DSM-III-R and DSM-IV subtypes. METHOD: The sample consisted of all children and adolescents consecutively referred to a pediatric psychopharmacology clinic (N = 405). Children were comprehensively evaluated with structured diagnostic interviews assessing both DSM-III-R and DSM-IV ADHD. DSM-III-R symptoms were used to approximate DSM-IV subtypes. Kappa statistics and conditional probabilities were used to examine the correspondence between DSM-III-R and DSM-IV ADHD. RESULTS: Ninety-three percent of children who received a DSM-III-R diagnosis of ADHD also received a DSM-IV ADHD diagnosis. The kappa coefficient assessing the agreement between DSM-III-R and DSM-IV ADHD was .73 (z = 14.6, p < .0001). The kappa coefficient assessing the agreement between the DSM-III-R-approximated subtypes and the actual DSM-IV subtypes was .71 (z = 15, p < .0001). CONCLUSION: These results confirm previous findings and indicate that the change from DSM-III-R to DSM-IV results in minimal changes in case identification and provides support for diagnostic continuity between the two classification systems.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

The use of a self-report instrument for eating disorders diagnoses: how different are DSM-III-R vs. DSM-III?

In response to a 1982 magazine article 641 women completed self report instruments concerning their eating disorders. Simulated DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnoses were generated from these responses. Rediagnosis of 397 DSM-III normal weight bulimics (NWB) yielded 93.7% with DSM-III-R bulimia nervosa (BN) and 6.3% with DSM-III-R anorexia nervosa with bulimic features (ANB). Rediagnosis of 30 DSM-III ANB, yielded 66.7% with DSM-III-R ANB, 13.3% with DSM-III-R BN and 20% with subdiagnostic eating disorders (SDED). Rediagnosis of 214 DSM-III SDEDs yielded 93.5% DSM-III-R SDEDs, and 6.5% DSM-III-R BNs a relatively small shift. No Eating Disorders Inventory Scale Score or eating disorders behavioral symptom differences were noted between DSM-III and DSM-III-R ANB, or between DSM-III NBW and DSM-III-R and BN in 1982 or 20 months later. Although DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for eating disorders are more specific than those in DSM-III, our findings suggest they may ultimately make little difference clinically. Self report instruments may be useful in approximating clinical diagnoses in large surveys. They may be especially useful for syndromes such as eating disorders, in which measureable physical criteria and observable behaviors are prominent.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Validity of DSM-IV ADHD predominantly inattentive and combined types: relationship to previous DSM diagnoses/subtype differences.

UNLABELLED: Since 1980, three different diagnostic nomenclatures have been published regarding attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These changing conceptualizations and diagnostic criteria have generated considerable confusion. OBJECTIVE: To examine the multidimensional DSM-IV ADHD criteria in relation to how children and adolescents with a previous DSM-III ADD diagnosis or a DSM-III-R ADHD diagnosis are diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria. METHOD: Children whose original diagnoses were according to DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria received retrospective diagnoses according to DSM-IV criteria. RESULTS: Predominantly inattentive (n = 30) and combined types (n = 26) were compared on their previous DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnoses and on demographic, behavioral, cognitive, and comorbidity variables. Predominantly inattentive and combined type diagnoses corresponded with DSM-III ADD/WO and ADD/H diagnoses, respectively. The DSM-III-R ADHD diagnosis did not correspond with either DSM-IV subtype. Children with the combined type diagnosis had more externalizing codiagnoses, and their parents reported more externalizing, delinquent, and aggressive behaviors. Children with the predominantly inattentive type had more math learning disability codiagnoses. CONCLUSION: Results support a multidimensional conceptualization of ADHD. There exists close correspondence between the DSM-III ADD/WO type and the DSM-IV predominantly inattentive type and between the DSM-III ADD/H type and the DSM-IV combined type.

Achievement↗

PubMed1994

1994 draft DSM-IV criteria for alcohol use disorders: comparison to DSM-III-R and implications.

In 1994, DSM-IV will be published, with new criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence. Implications of the changes in criteria for alcohol use disorders were investigated by comparing the diagnoses made by the DSM-IV criteria and DSM-III-R criteria. The study was conducted in a sample of 424 patients in an inpatient alcohol rehabilitation unit in the New York metropolitan area. DSM-III-R and DSM-IV criteria showed similar results and high agreement for any alcohol use disorder (abuse and dependence combined). Alcohol dependence was also consistently diagnosed with DSM-III-R and DSM-IV criteria. Agreement between DSM-III-R and DSM-IV abuse diagnoses was very low. Compared with DSM-III-R, DSM-IV classified over three times as many patients as alcohol abusers, although those with alcohol dependence still overwhelmingly dominated the sample. With some fluctuations, the results were stable over Black, Hispanic, and White subgroups of patients. The direction of the findings was consistent with results from a national general population survey in that the prevalence of alcohol abuse increased in both studies. However, the clinical results alone would not have suggested the marked changes in relative prevalence of abuse and dependence that occurred in the general population when DSM-IV criteria were used in place of DSM-III-R. Research on diagnostic criteria limited to patient samples omits important information on the implications of changing aspects of the diagnostic criteria. The need for a coherent theory of alcohol abuse is highlighted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Cross system agreement for substance use disorders: DSM-III-R, DSM-IV and ICD-10.

This report presents results of a field trial of Substance Use Disorders as defined by DSM-III-R, DSM-IV (proposed) and ICD-10. Diagnoses based on the three systems were derived from interviews using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) in a heterogeneous sample of 521 adults drawn from clinical and community settings. Two issues are addressed: (1) cross system agreement; and (2) syndrome coherence of proposed criterion sets for Substance Dependence in each of the three systems. Findings were as follows: (1) Cross system agreement for Dependence was generally high, especially between DSM-III-R and DSM-IV. (2) Cross system agreement was lower for DSM-III-R and DSM-IV Abuse and very low for DSM-IV Abuse and ICD-10 Harmful Use. (3) Agreement varied across drug categories with lowest DSM-III-R/DSM-IV agreement for alcohol abuse and DSM-IV/ICD-10 agreement for marijuana use disorders. (4) Overall prevalence differed for the three systems with DSM-IV yielding highest rates followed by DSM-III-R and ICD-10 in that order. (5) Factor analysis of Dependence criteria showed high loadings of all items on a single factor across the three diagnostic systems and for all categories of drugs. Implications for validity of the dependence syndrome construct and for revisions in DSM-IV are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Convergent validity of DSM-III-R and DSM-IV alcohol dependence: results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey.

The purpose of this study was to separately examine the associations between ethanol intake and alcohol dependence, as defined in the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV, in conjunction with an identical set of external correlates, with a view toward assessing the convergent validity of the two diagnostic definitions of dependence. Although the sociodemographic, alcohol, drug and comorbid profiles of respondents classified as DSM-III-R and DSM-IV dependent were similar, the results of the linear logistic regression analyses differed for each of the diagnostic definitions. The risk of DSM-III-R dependence was reduced among blacks and increased among early onset drinkers. Given equivalent levels of ethanol intake, the risk of DSM-III-R dependence was greater for these respondents who had experienced a recent death of close relative compared to those who had not. In contrast, the risk of DSM-IV dependence was greatest among respondents with a current alcoholic spouse or partner relative to those without an alcoholic spouse or partner. Major differences in the content and structure of the two definitions of dependence were useful in predicting the observed discrepancies between the risk gradients associated with the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV classifications. Implications of these findings were discussed in terms of differential coverage of the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV diagnostic categories and the impact of the absence of complete convergent validity on epidemiologic research.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Prognosis and outcome using broad (DSM-II) and narrow (DSM-III) concepts of schizophrenia.

The classical prognostic indicators of Vaillant and Stephens, the acute onset of psychotic symptoms, and key demographic factors were investigated as predictors of outcome in a prospective study of 153 schizophrenic patients defined using broad (DSM-II) and narrow (DSM-III) concepts of schizophrenia. Findings indicate: Several established prognostic items did not show strong predictive utility in DSM-II or DSM-III schizophrenia when young, nonchronic patients were studied. For both DSM-II and DSM-III schizophrenic patients, longitudinal assessments of psychotic symptoms, work history, and social functioning predicted their respective assessments at followup. However, the predictive utility of some key prognostic indicators shifted for narrow vs. broad concepts of schizophrenia. Most importantly, sex, which was the most powerful predictor of overall outcome among patients with DSM-II schizophrenia, failed to predict outcome among patients with DSM-III schizophrenia, primarily because many women with favorable outcome did not meet the DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia. DSM-III schizophrenia comprises a more homogeneous group of poor prognosis patients in comparison to DSM-II schizophrenia. Educational level, age at first hospitalization, and work history were successful predictors of outcome (p less than .01) when a new, narrow concept of schizophrenia was used.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1990

DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnosis of autism and pervasive developmental disorder in nursery school children.

DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnoses of 112 developmentally disordered preschool children were compared. There was no significant difference between the DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnosis of the inclusive category of pervasive developmental disorder, but nearly twice as many cases (58) were diagnosed as autistic disorder by DSM-III-R criteria as were diagnosed as infantile autism (31) by DSM-III. Thirty children met both DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria for autism (IA/AD) and 23 received a DSM-III diagnosis of atypical PDD (A-PDD) and a DSM-III-R diagnosis of AD (A-PDD/AD). All of the IA/AD children and none of the A-PDD/AD group displayed a marked lack of awareness of others. DSM-III-R criteria have specifically broadened the concept of autism to include children who, although socially impaired, are not pervasively unresponsive to others.

Autistic Disorder↗