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Results for “Declaration of Lisbon”

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PubMedDate not supplied

[The concept and importance of medical law].

INTRODUCTION: Medical law is a scientific discipline which has not been affirmed in our country, but at law schools in many developed countries it has gained the status of a separate scientific discipline and today it is studied with multidisciplinary cooperation of Schools of Medicine, Schools of Dentistry and Schools of Pharmacy. Generally speaking, medical law concerns the rights and duties of the medical profession. ETHICS AND LEGAL QUESTIONS OF MEDICAL LAW: The progress of scientific research and of new technology used in diagnostics and treatment, opens new fields in terms of responsibility. Most European countries have legal institutions in the field of health care. These include laws and legal acts, as well as codification of professional norms. LAW CONCERNING PHYSISIANS: Apart from the national law, there is also an international law concerning physisians. The World Health Organization and the World Association of Medical Doctors brought the following declarations: Declaration on Promotion of Patients' Rights, the Revised Lisbon Declaration on Patients' Rights, the Revised Helsinki Declaration on Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects and the Council of Europe's Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine. CONCLUSION: There is no national order of physicians in Serbia and Montenegro, because chambers of physicians with legal authority and mandatory membership have not been formed. The foundation of Chambers of Physicians of Vojvodina and Montenegro is the first step to goal achieving.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1989

The right not to be treated or to refuse treatment.

The corollary to the right to refuse treatment is the requirement that, in general, informed consent be obtained before treatment. The Declaration of Lisbon recognises this: "The patient has the right to accept or to refuse treatment after receiving adequate information." The information to be given to the patient is of three kinds, but a special problem in relation to the doctrine of informed refusal places a special duty on the doctor to inform the patient about the possible consequences of refusing treatment. Related topics, such as refusal in part, refusal by a parent or guardian, the novus actus interveniens, the living will, and contributory negligence are touched upon.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Allocative efficiency in the use of health resources in Portugal.

BACKGROUND: This is the first time that a resource allocation technique based on a marginal met need approach has been used in Portugal, and the objective of the study is to attain the improvement of allocative efficiency. METHODS: The utilities of health states with and without treatment have been measured using the rating scale technique and a cost-utility analysis has been made. The value resulting from multiplying the avoided days of incapacity by a weight, on a scale from zero to one, has been considered as an indicator of utility corresponding to the difference between a health state with and without treatment. This study has been carried out using the main causes of morbidity from the National Health Survey, 1987, at a regional level. A sample of 150 local authorities was considered to be sufficient. A second objective of this study was to carry out a cost-utility analysis for the main causes of declared morbidity. RESULTS: This analysis has shown that the ratio of cost-utility is highest for hypertension, followed by influenza, asthma and digestive ill-functioning. Pharyngitis-amygdalitis, cold, osteoarthrosis, chronic bronchitis, spondylous arthrosis and diabetes are the illnesses with a more favourable cost-utility ratio which, in a rational resource allocation, should be treated first. CONCLUSIONS: So that an increase in the allocative efficiency could be achieved, a transfer of resources between regions is required up to the point at which the use of these resources would be equally efficient. Resources should be transferred from two regions - Interior Centre Region and Littoral Lisbon Region - towards all the other regions, in particular the Interior North Region.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of interests, experiences and chemistry knowledge among students admitted to the Lisboa Medical School en 1989/1990].

Selected medical students for undergraduate medical courses in Portugal exhibit each year substantial deficiencies in chemistry. The group of students admitted to the Faculty of Medicine of Lisbon in 1989/1990 were selected by admission criteria apparently more restrictive than before. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the theoretical knowledge in chemistry showed by those students before learning biochemistry. Eight-four of the admitted students were invited to participate in the study, by replying to an anonymous questionnaire on chemistry. A second questionnaire to identify a variety of personal/social factors was completed by the same students some days later. The results obtained have confirmed a clearly insufficient chemical background, in spite of the high scores achieved by those students in chemistry and other science subjects on the application. The majority of the students here studied declared financial security, live with their families, study at home, and report scarce outside distractions. It may be concluded that the new admission criteria to the faculties of medicine do not select students with better academic performances on chemistry than before. Otherwise, the sociocultural characteristics of the entrants do not fulfill the expectations that could contrast them clearly with average groups of students.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1993

[Cardiological changes in candidates for sports].

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence and the clinical significance of the cardiologic abnormalities detected in candidates to competitive sports. DESIGN: Retrospective study of candidates to competitive sports who were evaluated for heart fitness. SETTING: Out patient cardiologic clinic in a Center of Sports Medicine in Lisbon. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 420 subjects out of a population of 6795 were followed up for one year. They underwent clinical evaluation with ECHO (M mode, 2D, Doppler), 24 hours Holter monitoring and Exercise Tests as indicated for decision concerning fitness and adequacy for the practice of competitive sports. RESULTS: Main reason for observation was the assessment of the significance of cardiac murmur (265; 6.3%). 14 cases of organic heart disease were diagnosed: 9 bicuspid aortic valves (2 with systolic gradient over 40 mmHg), 2 with atrial septal defects, 2 significant mitral valve prolapse and 1 ventricular septal defect. 86 patients were evaluated because of ECG abnormalities; 26 out of these presented ventricular ectopic beats, 6 had delayed AV conduction (PQ > 0.24 sec), 44 developed non specific STT changes and 16 a pre-excitation (WPW) tracing. Holter studies demonstrated 8 cases of complex ventricular premature beats and one case of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. Arterial hypertension was the reason for evaluation of 20 athletes, 5 of whom were considered unfit due to hypertensive response to effort and/or systemic involvement. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of heart murmurs was the principal reason to evaluate candidates to the practice of sports. The large majority were considered innocent murmurs. Ventricular premature beats, non specific repolarization changes and pre-excitation (WPW) were the predominant electrocardiographic abnormalities. There was a remarkably low incidence of organic heart disease in the latter group. The most common reasons to declare unfitness for competitive sports practice were repetitive ventricular ectopic beats and arterial hypertension.

Adolescent↗