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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

How psychiatric treatments can enhance psychological defense mechanisms.

Psychological defense mechanisms are a powerful and often unappreciated force safeguarding mental health. Although rarely directed in this way, the most common forms of psychiatric treatment-psychotherapy and antidepressants-can enhance psychological defense mechanisms. Psychotherapy, through both specific and nonspecific factors, induces positive perspective shifts favoring positive cognitive distortions, including adaptive classical defense mechanisms and healthy attribution biases. Antidepressants, by altering very basic emotional information processing, such as facial expression recognition and emotional memories, also foster positive cognitive distortions. By shifting perceptions and thoughts in a positive direction, psychotherapy and antidepressants improve the capacity to dissociate from negative emotional stimuli.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

[Psycho-ecologic aspects of defense mechanisms].

Classical defense mechanisms are used not only intraindividually to strengthen a threatened ego-Organization, but also between individuals to stabilise endangered social relationships. According to a psychoecological way of thinking, any person has an existential need of productive, ongoing, mutual exchange in his or her social niches, in particular in those situations in which the inner equilibrium is threatened. Social relationships are used to support the threatened person in the use of classical defense mechanisms. People close to the individual have an important influence on reinforcing or weakening of the intrapersonal defenses, and therapists have to learn to take this into account.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

[Significance of normal oral flora, particularly group oral streptococci as defense mechanism against infection in healthy individuals (normal defense mechanism by oral Streptococcus group)].

The alpha-streptococci, consisted of normal oral flora mainly, with inhibitory activity against pathogenic microbes in healthy individuals was investigated by group A Streptococcus (indicator strain 6-22 nonmucoid T-12). Rate of alpha-streptococci with inhibitory activity against group A Streptococcus was increased as aging, and the rate in pre-school children was higher than that in school children. These results suggested that more than 90% of the tested alpha-streptococci with strong inhibitory activities (S. salivarius) against indicator strain had inhibitory activities against group A Streptococcus (mucoid T-6), H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, group C Streptococcus, and from 40% to 70% of the tested strains had also inhibitory activities against other pathogens. As there were many strains of alpha-streptococci with inhibitory activities against pathogens, that usually detected in the upper respiratory infection, the problem on the strains in the future will explain significance of the defense mechanism against upper respiratory infection and this can be applied clinically.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Theory and methods of clinical assessment of defense mechanisms].

Originally, defense theories had been developed as metapsychological categories. Applied to empirical investigations, however, defense theories have to be adapted to the specific empirical design. A clinical and an empirical theory on defense, for which the same terms are often used, are by no means identical. The clinical and empirical terms have to be matched. An empirical theory on defense should correspond not only to metapsychological categories but be adequate for the research object. Among the most common empirical procedures, clinical ratings of defense mechanisms come closest to clinical judgements, but entail methodological problems. Group ratings underly dynamic group processes which are difficult to control and thus imply a risk. The advantage of such a rating, however, is that affective processes within the rating team may be seen as an extended observational instrument. Despite their methodological restrictions, consensus ratings may be seen as an instrument the further development of which is worthwhile.

Crohn Disease↗
PubMed1991

A study of schizophrenic outpatients with the Defense Mechanism Test.

Intrapsychic defensive strategies are allegedly expressed on the Defense Mechanism Test through the presentation, at increasing tachistoscopic exposure times, of a picture in which a central figure is threatened by a peripheral person. Several types of perceptual alterations of the stimulus configuration are coded as defenses in the subjective reports. A number of test variables have already been shown to differentiate significantly between nonclinical controls and nonpsychotic psychiatric patients. In the present study, after a review of the pertinent percept-genetic literature, nonpsychotic patients (n = 57) were compared with a group of schizophrenic outpatients in the active phase (n = 21). As predicted, significantly more schizophrenics than controls were coded for projection and regression and for certain variants of these signs. Four subcodings of repression, three of isolation, the sign of reaction formation, and several variants of identification differentiated in the same direction. Reports in which the central figure was too old and changed from a correct to an incorrect sex attribution were highly characteristic of the schizophrenic sample. No defensive variable was significantly linked with nonpsychotic pathology. Two variants, one of regression and one of identification, allowed a correct diagnostic placement for all schizophrenics and for 82.4% of the nonpsychotic patients. The findings, besides being a further clinical validation of the Defense Mechanism Test, provide a preliminary distinction between high- and low-level defenses. It is suggested that they are congruent with an hierarchical model which implies inclusive nonreflexive relationships between classes of mental disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Host defense within the urinary tract. I. Bacterial adhesion initiates an uroepithelial defense mechanism.

Uroepithelial defense has ben suggested to contribute to the local host resistance against ascending urinary tract infection. The cellular mechanism, however, is not known. In this study, bacterial growth was measured under the direct and indirect influence of uroepithelial cells. To study if a specific ligand-receptor interaction is required for uroepithelial cell (UEC) activation, isogenic Escherichia coli mutants expressing either mannose-sensitive, mannose-resistant (p), or mannose resistant (s) pili were tested for their capacity to induce the UEC defense mechanism. The antibacterial effect of UEC was abolished either by performing coculture in chambers with a fluid-permeable membrane which separates UEC from bacteria or by inhibiting membrane contact using the antiadherence factor pentosane polysulfate. No difference between the various types of pili could be shown. All E. coli strains adhered comparably to the UEC and were subsequently suppressed in their growth. Even a "naked" mutant without expression of common pili showed a similar behavior. In conclusion, bacterial growth suppression depends on direct contact between the UEC and bacteria, but is independent of common pili expressed on E. coli.

Adolescent↗