An examination of the relationship between chartered accountants' demographic backgrounds and professional examination performance.
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Accounting↗
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Results for “Demographic Accounting”
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Increment-decrement life tables: some further comments from a demographic-accounting point of view.
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Demography↗
Demographic accounting and modelling: an application to trainee secondary teachers in Victoria.
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Australia↗
Estimation of population coverage in the 1990 United States census based on demographic analysis.
"This article presents estimates of net coverage of the national population in the 1990 [U.S.] census, based on the method of demographic analysis. The general techniques of demographic analysis as an analytic tool for coverage measurement are discussed, including use of the demographic accounting equation, data components, and strengths and limitations of the method. Patterns of coverage displayed by the 1990 estimates are described, along with similarities or differences from comparable demographic estimates for previous censuses....A final section presents the results of the first statistical assessment of the uncertainty in the demographic coverage estimates for 1990." Comments by Clifford C. Clogg and Christine L. Himes (pp. 1,072-4) and Jeffrey S. Passel (pp. 1,074-7) and a rejoinder by the authors (pp. 1,077-9) are included.
Americas↗
The estimation of population microdata by using data from small area statistics and samples of anonymised records.
"Traditionally, estimates of the number of people in small areas (the smallest geographical units for which data are available) have been disaggregated only by age and sex. More recently, much research effort has been directed towards developing some form of enhanced small-area population estimation, in which the population in a small area is disaggregated not only by age and sex, but also by a wide range of additional economic and social characteristics. Solutions to this problem currently include account-based demographic models, often used by local authorities."
Age Factors↗
At risk on the cusp of old age: living arrangements and functional status among black, white and Hispanic adults.
OBJECTIVES: We examine the relationship between living arrangements and multiple measures of physical, cognitive, and emotional functioning in late midlife. METHODS: Using cross-sectional data from the Health and Retirement Study, we first assess the bivariate relationship between living arrangements and functioning; we then take into account demographic characteristics and measures of household resources and demands. RESULTS: We find evidence of differential functioning among individuals in various living arrangements. Married couples living alone or with children show the highest levels of functioning, whereas single adults living in complex households show the lowest levels. Functional deficits for those in complex households are reduced but not eliminated when we take demographic characteristics and household resources and demands into account. We find few differences by gender and race/ethnicity in the relationship between living arrangements and functioning. DISCUSSION: We show a pattern of poorer functioning among those in arguably the most demanding and least supportive household environments. This points to a vulnerable and risk-filled transition from middle to old age for these persons. Because Blacks and Hispanics show lower levels of functioning than Whites and are more likely to live in complex households, they may be particularly disadvantaged.
Activities of Daily Living↗
A survey of Census Bureau population projection methods.
"Population projections methods of the U.S. Census Bureau draw upon several different traditions of forecasting: demographic accounting, judgmental, time series, deterministic, and explanatory. This paper reviews each of the forecasting traditions in population projections, describes the U.S. Census Bureau's current methods for national and state population projections, and proposes new hybrid approaches such as demographic-time series methods for national fertility projections and economic-demographic methods for state migration projections. Throughout the article, possible parallels with forecasting in other disciplines are noted."
Americas↗
Parameterized multistate population dynamics and projections.
"This article reports progress on the development of a population projection process that emphasizes model selection over demographic accounting. Transparent multiregional/multistate population projections that rely on parameterized model schedules are illustrated [using data primarily from a number of developed countries, particularly Sweden], together with simple techniques that extrapolate the recent trends exhibited by the parameters of such schedules." The author notes that "the parameterized schedules condense the amount of demographic information, expressing it in a language and variables that are more readily understood by the users of the projections. In addition, they permit a concise specification of the expected temporal patterns of variation among these variables, and they allow a disaggregated focus on demographic change that otherwise would not be feasible."
Demography↗
Alternative therapies among adults with a reported diagnosis of asthma or rhinosinusitis : data from a population-based survey.
BACKGROUND: Asthma and rhinosinusitis are common medical conditions among adults. Alternative treatments could have important impacts on health status among those individuals with these conditions, but specific prevalence data for these treatments are limited. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of specific alternative treatment modalities, including herbal agents, ingestion of caffeinated beverages, homeopathy, acupuncture, and massage therapies. DESIGN: Random population telephone sample. SETTING: Northern California. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred adults aged 18 to 50 years with self-report of a physician diagnosis of asthma (n = 125) or rhinosinusitis without concomitant asthma (n = 175). MEASUREMENTS: Structured telephone interviews covering demographics and clinical variables, including the following alternative treatments used in the previous 12 months: herbal agents; caffeine-containing products; homeopathy; acupuncture; aromatherapy; reflexology; and massage. RESULTS: Any alternative practice was reported by 127 subjects (42%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 36 to 48%). Of these, 33 subjects (26%; 95% CI, 21 to 31%) were not current prescription medication users. Herbal use was reported by 72 subjects (24%), caffeine treatment by 54 subjects (18%), and other alternative treatments by 66 subjects (22%). Taking into account demographic variables, subjects with asthma were more likely than those with rhinitis alone to report caffeine self-treatment for their condition (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.4 to 4.8%), but herbal use and other alternative treatments did not differ significantly by condition group. CONCLUSION: Alternative treatments are frequent among adults with asthma or rhinosinusitis and should be taken into account by health-care providers and public health and policy analysts.
Adolescent↗
[Surveillance of risk factors for chronic diseases through telephone interviews].
OBJECTIVE: To describe methods and initial findings of a surveillance system of risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) based on telephone interviews. METHODS: Interviews undertaken in a random sample of the adult population of the Municipality of Sao Paulo living in households with telephone. Sampling was done in two steps and included the random selection of households and the random selection of the household member to be interviewed. The system's questionnaire investigated demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, food consumption and physical activity patterns, smoking, consumption of alcoholic beverages, recalled weight and height and reported medical diagnoses of hypertension and diabetes, among other topics. Prevalence estimates of selected risk factors for CNCDs were calculated for the adult population with telephone and for the city's entire adult population. In this last case, we applied sample weighting factors that took into account demographic and socioeconomic differences between the adult population with telephone and the entire adult population of the municipality. RESULTS: Strong differences between sexes were found for most risk factors: low consumption of fruit and vegetables, high consumption of alcohol and overweight were more frequent among men while sedentary lifestyle and hypertension were more frequent among women. Additional possibilities of stratification of risk factor prevalences allowed by the surveillance system are illustrated using age groups, schooling, and place of residence in the city. CONCLUSIONS: System performance was considered as good and was better than the performance observed in similar systems operating in developed countries when evaluated with basis on the representativeness and reliability of the estimates and on costs. The cost per concluded interview was eight times lower than the cost usually seen in similar systems in developed countries and four to eight times lower than the cost of traditional household surveys undertaken in the city of Sao Paulo.
Adult↗
[Population structure and dynamics: the population matrix].
"This article shows an alternative way of presenting population data. The population matrix, constructed as an important part in the process of compiling socio-demographic accounts, demonstrates the close connection between stock and flow data, bringing both types of data consistently together." Official data for the Netherlands are used to illustrate the concept. (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Data Collection↗
Perceived control of asthma: development and validation of a questionnaire.
Psychological factors can play a role in asthma symptoms and may play a role in how individuals manage asthma. Because poor self-management of asthma has been linked to poor outcomes, it is important to understand perceived control of asthma--the individual's perceived ability to deal with asthma and its exacerbations effectively. This study used data from an ongoing panel study of adults with asthma (n = 601). The 11-item Perceived Control of Asthma Questionnaire (PCAQ) demonstrated internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.74) and excellent construct validity, correlating strongly with asthma severity, quality of life, and Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36) measures of health status (p < 0.05). After controlling for demographics and asthma severity, each 6-point decrement in PCAQ score was significantly associated with increased risk of hospitalization (OR = 1.4 [95% CI: 1.1 to 1.8]), frequent activity restriction (OR = 1.5 [1.2 to 1.8]), and, among those with labor force participation (n = 551), asthma-related cessation of employment (OR = 1.7 [1.1 to 2.4]). The PCAQ is a short, easy to administer, reliable, and valid measure of perceived control of asthma. It is strongly associated with adverse asthma outcomes even taking into account demographic characteristics and asthma severity, suggesting that patient-centered interventions focusing on perceived control might improve asthma outcomes.
Adolescent↗
Overweight and depressive symptoms among African-American women.
BACKGROUND: In a national survey, a correlation between overweight and depression was explained by dieting and poor health. This study examines overweight and depressive symptoms among urban African-American women, taking into account demographic factors, health status and practices, and psychosocial constructs. METHODS: Respondents are 429 participants in a pilot for a culturally tailored intervention promoting healthful eating and exercising. Anthropomorphic and self-administered questionnaire data were collected at a community health club site. RESULTS: Controlling for demographic factors, overweight is associated with symptoms of depression, a relationship that is partially explained by health status, but not by dietary restraint. Using multiple regression, poor health status, alcohol intake, hostility, and low levels of ethnic identity (connectedness with the African-American community) are independent predictors of depressed mood. In this study, dietary restraint reflects healthful eating and is inversely related to depression. The overweight/depression association is stronger among women with high levels of education and high levels of ethnic identity (statistical interactions). CONCLUSION: Poor health likely contributes over time to both overweight and depressed mood. Ethnic identity enhancement strategies should be studied for their effectiveness in strengthening identity and for their potential in attracting individuals especially likely to benefit from lifestyle change programs.
Adult↗
Seroepidemiological correlations of antibodies to human herpesviruses and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in African patients.
A seroepidemiological evaluation of the humoral immune response against human herpes viruses was carried out in patients with and without HIV infection in Tanzania to study the role of these viruses as a cofactor in AIDS. Serum specimens were obtained from 321 outpatients and 100 healthy schoolchildren of a rural population in the Kagera Region, Tanzania, and from 149 inpatients of an urban population in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. The data were analysed by logistic models taking into account demographic variables. The data obtained revealed no differences in the prevalence of antibodies to human herpes viruses between the different groups. Therefore, our study under the present conditions and the observed stages of AIDS does not suggest an influence of HIV infection on human herpesvirus infection or serologic response.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
[Defecation problems following radical perineal prostatectomy. A prospective study].
PURPOSE: The true incidence of bowel symptoms prior to radical prostatectomy, as evaluated by a differentiated questionnaire, is unknown. We therefore performed a prospective study on patients who were scheduled for radical perineal prostatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 67 patients with cT1-cT3, N0, M0 prostate cancer underwent an extrafascial, radical, perineal prostatectomy. The patients received a questionnaire prior to surgery as well as 6 months and 12 months after surgery. This took into account demographic data, stool symptoms (Kelly questionnaire) and questions concerning bladder function (ICS male continence questionnaire). The questionnaires were evaluated by three of the authors not involved in patient care. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 64 years. The PSA range was 0.9-55.6 ng/ml (mean 12.7 ng/ml). There were 47 pT2, 19 pT3 and a single pT4 tumour. A total of 59 patients had a Gleason score of 6 or less. Positive surgical margins were present in four patients. The 12 months follow-up questionnaire could be evaluated for 82% of the patients (n=55). In addition, 46 patients answered the questionnaire at 6 months post-surgery. Three or more problems in relation to bowel movements were reported preoperatively by 21% of the patients. Straining with bowel emptying was the symptom which was indicated most often. Stool smearing was reported by 13% of patients at least once or twice monthly. In addition, 6% of patients reported that they had difficulties in differentiating soft stool from gas. After 1 year, seven (13%) of the patients reported stool smearing which was not present prior to surgery. Six of these patients observed this problems only once or twice a month. Only one patient had stool smearing once a week. Two patients reported urgency, two had a decreased warning time and one reported decreased sensibility. Two patients used protective pads. The most frequent symptom reported postoperatively was straining with bowel emptying (24% preoperatively and 16% postoperatively). CONCLUSION: It is evident that men scheduled for radical prostatectomy already have significant stool problems preoperatively. Newly developed, postoperative stool smearing on a daily basis occurred extremely seldom. They same is true for the discrimination between soft stool and gas. From our point of view, it is important to use the extrasphincteric approach to the prostate described by Young. Furthermore, the pubo-anal sling should be preserved.
Constipation↗
Famous face recognition and naming test: a normative study.
Tests of famous face recognition and naming, and tasks assessing semantic knowledge about famous people after presentation either of their faces or their names are often used in the neuropsychological examination of aphasic, amnesic and demented patients. A total of 187 normal subjects took part in this study. The aim was to collect normative data for a newly devised test including five subtests: famous face naming, fame judgement after face presentation and after name presentation, semantic knowledge about famous people after face presentation and after name presentation. Norms were calculated taking into account demographic variables such as age, sex and education and adjusted scores were used to determine inferential cut-off scores and to compute equivalent scores. Multiple regression analyses showed that age and education influenced significantly the performance on most subtests, but sex had no effect on any of them. Scores of the subtest evaluating fame judgements after name presentation were significantly influenced only by education. The only subtest whose scores were not influenced by any demographic variable was fame judgement after face presentation.
Adult↗
Ill-health and health-care in Khartoum/Omdurman.
Medical geographies of Third World cities are particularly affected by lack of data of sufficient detail and spatial resolution to allow proper analysis of intra-urban patterns of variation. Rapid rates of population growth fuelled both by natural increase and migration compound the problem of demographic accounting. Khartoum/Omdurman, the major urban complex in the Sudan is no exception to this situation and although some available statistical information from official sources is used to portray some of the characteristics of urban ill health, greater reliance is placed upon data collected during a social survey of seven contrasted residential areas. Whilst the extent of under-reporting of disease and the typical patterns of ill-health become apparent, it is also clear that there are very large differences among the different types of residential area. The gap between rich and poor, manifest in many criteria of social well-being, is also no less acute in terms of vulnerability to disease. It is also evident that although quality of services is generally problematic, something resembling an 'inverse-care' situation seems to exist which further exacerbates the disadvantage of poor urban dwellers.
Delivery of Health Care↗
Disability in patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis.
OBJECTIVE: To determine factors associated with disability in patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. DESIGN: One-group cross-sectional study. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eight patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Oswestry Disability Index and 4 categories of factors, including patient demographics (age, sex, number of comorbidities, medications), symptom-related factors (intensity, location, onset duration, neurogenic claudication), body structure and function as described in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health model (muscle strength, vibration sense, spine flexibility), and stenotic condition (type and number of spinal segments involved). RESULTS: Patients with symptoms in both back and leg reported greater disability than those with symptoms only in the leg or back (P=.008). Greater disability correlated significantly with greater symptom intensity (r=.385, P<.001) and higher vibration threshold (r=.236, P=.014). While controlling the variance in patient demographics in the regression analysis, vibration sense and symptom location each added 10% of the variance in disability, and symptom intensity and strength each added 5%, with a total of 44% variance explained (P=.044). CONCLUSIONS: Symptom intensity and location, vibration sense, and muscle strength were identified as significant factors and, together with patient demographics, accounted for 44% of the variance explained in disability. Further investigations are needed to determine if causal relationships exist between these factors and disability.
Age Distribution↗