PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Demographic Factors”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Demographic factors and their relationship with the presence of CVI signs in Italy: the 24-cities cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a common progressive disease, the deterioration rate depending on specific risk factors. Demographic characteristics associated with the prevalence of objective signs of CVI were evaluated in a cross-sectional population study in Italy. METHODS: A sample of 5247 people selected by advertising in television and newspapers in 24 Italian cities underwent a clinical examination of the lower limbs, including colour-coded duplex ultrasonography, to determine the presence and severity of CVI. Of these, 4288 subjects provided demographic data that could be analysed by multiple logistic regression model using sex, age, region and family history as covariates. RESULTS: Women were four or more times as likely as men to develop telangiectasia, whilst males had a two-fold increased risk of trunk varices. Age was the main risk factor for vein varicosis in the female population, with women aged over 50 years being almost five times as likely as those aged 29 or less to show trunk varices. Females living in the southern regions had a two-fold increase in risk of developing CVI signs and the risk increased by at least 1.3 times in multiparous women. A positive familial history of disease increased the risk for varicose veins. CONCLUSIONS: Demographic characters such as sex, advanced age, living in the southern regions, number of pregnancies and a family history of CVI were all contributing risk factors for the development of CVI in Italy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Some medico-socio-demographic factors and intra-uterine growth retardation.

In the present prospective pilot study an attempt has been made to find out the correlation between some maternopaternal factors (demographic, socio-economic and medical) that suggest a high risk for intra-uterine growth retardation. The mean height and booking weight of women in study group were significantly less than the height and weight of women in control group (p < 0.001 for both). The mean paternal height and weight were also significantly less in the study group as against controls (p < 0.05 for and p < 0.01 respectively). In the study group 54.54% of women consumed less than 1500 calories/day as compared to 32.72% in the controls (statistically significant difference, (p < 0.01). The mean haemoglobin was significantly lower in the study cases (8.1 g/dl) as compared to controls (9.6 g/dl) (p < 0.001). The mean platelet count in study cases (1.64 +/- 0.34 lac/cmm) was significantly lower than that in the controls (2.08 +/- 0.25 lac/cmm) (p < 0.001). The rate of instrumental vaginal delivery, emergency caesarean section for foetal distress, incidence of intrapartum foetal distress, and number of babies with low Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes were significantly more in the study group (p < .05 and p < 0.001 respectively for operative delivery and Apgar scores).

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Drug use during early pregnancy. The impact of maternal illness, outcome of prior pregnancies and socio-demographic factors.

OBJECTIVE: Socio-demographic factors have been associated with drug use in pregnancy. However, information on maternal illness has rarely been included in previous studies. The aim of this study was therefore to estimate the impact of maternal illness and prior pregnancy outcome on the use of analgesics/antipyretics, anti-infectives and antihistamines in early pregnancy controlling for socio-demographic factors. METHODS: One thousand nine-hundred and forty-five parous pregnant women from Norway and Sweden were included in an interview study. Information on drug use, obstetric history, maternal illness and socio-demographic factors was collected by specially trained midwives at gestational week 17 and form the basis for the present analyses. RESULTS: After control for socio-demographic factors, reported illness was associated with the use of analgesics/antipyretics, anti-infectives and antihistamines during early pregnancy. The use of analgesic/antipyretic and anti-infective drugs differed between study sites. Sociodemographic factors such as age, parity, marital status, education, occupation and smoking habits did not influence drug use in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Maternal illness during pregnancy was associated with drug use in early pregnancy. When studying factors related to drug use during pregnancy, it is important to include information on maternal illness. Socio-demographic factors may be confounders and lead to erroneous conclusions about the factors related to drug use.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Relationship between social demographic factors and survival within one year of hospital discharge in a cohort of elderly male patients.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the impact of social demographic factors on post-discharge mortality among the hospitalized elderly. METHODS: A one-year prospective study was conducted in a random sample of 646 male patients aged 65 or older who were discharged from a university affiliated Veterans Administration Hospital at Little Rock, AR, USA. Within 48 hours of admission, each subject completed a standardized diagnostic evaluation. Mortality was recorded for all causes. Associations between patient characteristics at hospital discharge and mortality were identified utilizing univariable and multivariable (Cox proportional hazard regression) statistical techniques. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age was 73(+/- 6) years. Within one year of hospital discharge, 83 patients (13%) died. Multiple social demographic factors were significantly associated with mortality in univariable analysis. After controlling for age, Katz index of ADL score, Charlson co-morbidity index and length of hospitalization, risk of one-year post-discharge mortality remained significantly associated with marital status, race, education, and occupational class. When all of the social demographic factors were included in a stepwise procedure, marital status, education and occupational class were selected as the strongest predictors of mortality. The adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of mortality associated with non-married status, education < 6 years, and history of having a blue-collar occupation were 2.01 (1.29-3.15), 1.86 (1.05-3.32), and 2.16 (1.03-4.54) respectively. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that social demographic factors are independent determinants of mortality among elderly patients. These factors should be used as important indices in identifying patients at higher risk of death in clinical assessments and in prevention programs for elderly patients after hospital discharge.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

The seasonality of live birth is strongly influenced by socio-demographic factors.

The number of births varies markedly by season, but the causes of this variation are not well understood. The proposed explanations include temperature or photoperiod (affecting hormonal concentrations, sperm quality or sexual activity), seasonal variation in pregnancy loss, or cultural factors. In this paper we examined whether birth seasonality is influenced by socio-demographic factors. We used data on all live births registered in the Czech Republic in 1989-1991 (n = 387 496). Differences in the degree of seasonality between socio-demographic groups (defined by maternal age, marital status, education and birth order) were examined by inspection of curves, by comparing coefficients of variations of monthly numbers of births, and by calculating the ratios of the number of births in the 3 peak months (March to May) to the number of births in the 3 lowest months (October to December). We found large differences in the size of the seasonal variation in births by socio-demographic factors. The seasonal variation was highly pronounced in mothers who were 25-34 years old, had higher education, were married, and were pregnant with their second or third child. By contrast, birth seasonality was weak in mothers who were < or =19 years or > or =35 years old, unmarried, had low education, and expected their first or fourth or higher order birth. In a multivariate model, all four socio-demographic variables contributed significantly to seasonal variation. These results suggest that the seasonality of births is, at least in this population, strongly influenced by socio-demographic factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

NBME Obstetrics and Gynecology clerkship final examination scores: predictive value of standardized tests and demographic factors.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the predictive value of standardized tests and demographic factors on performance on the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN) examination. STUDY DESIGN: The study included 171 students who rotated through obstetrics and gynecology from 1992 to 2001. Correlations between NBME OBGYN scores and United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) step 1, MCAT and GPA scores, and temporal and demographic factors were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), NBME and USMLE step 1 scores were 24.03, 67.47 and 194.53, respectively. Significant correlations with NMBE OBGYN were USMLE step 1 scores (r = .517, p < 0.001), MCAT scores (r = .481, p < 0.001), faculty evaluation grade (r=.223, p <0.01), OBGYN residency interest (r= .179, p < 0.05) and female gender (r=.157, p< 0.05) with a significant negative correlation with clerkship duration (r = -.208, p < 0. 01). On logistic regression analysis, USMLE, MCAT, academic year and faculty evaluation grade were independently predictive of NBME OBGYN scores. All preclinical standardized tests showed positive correlation with progressive academic years and decreasing student age. and decreasing student age. CONCLUSION: USMLE step 1, MCAT scores and faculty evaluation grades were predictive of NMBE OBGYN scores. They may be helpful in assessing third-year medical students in need of special supervision and assistance.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Socio-demographic factors in the prognosis of oral cancer patients.

The aim of this study was to determine the survival rate of oral cancer patients treated in a medical center in central Taiwan and to investigate whether socio-demographic factors influence their survival. We retrospectively reviewed 1010 chart records of oral cancer patients. Survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard model was used for investigating the relationship between socio-demographic factors and survival. The overall 5-year survival rate was 63.24%. Multivariate analysis revealed that those without religious belief tended to have higher probability of death than those who had religious belief (relative risk (RR): 2.057, p<0.001). In addition, those who were single, widow/widower or divorced/separated had a poorer prognosis than those who were married (RR: 1.528, p=0.008). Apart from clinical features, socio-demographic factors also significantly influenced the survival of oral cancer patients. Therefore, care providers should take socio-demographic issues into consideration aside from ordinary clinical health care.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Patterns of alcohol consumption in young Australian women: socio-demographic factors, health-related behaviours and physical health.

OBJECTIVE: To determine which socio-demographic factors, health-related behaviours and physical health conditions are associated with non-drinking, binge drinking and hazardous/harmful drinking in young Australian women. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were obtained from the baseline survey of 14,762 young women (aged 18-23 years) enrolled in the Women's Health Australia study in 1996. Associations between a range of drinking patterns and socio-demographic factors, health-related behaviours and health conditions were examined. RESULTS: Half the women were 'low intake' drinkers, a third 'rarely drank' and 9% were non-drinkers; however, 70% reported binge drinking with one-quarter of the binge drinkers doing so at least weekly. Non-drinkers were more likely than drinkers to be married, pregnant, non-smokers, born in non-English speaking countries, to live in the Northern Territory, and to have lower levels of education, employment, and private health insurance. 'Low intake/binge weekly' drinkers (12%) and 'hazardous/harmful' drinkers (5%) were more likely than 'low risk' drinkers to be unmarried; to live in shared accommodation, alone or with their parents; to live in rural or remote areas; to have ever had any sexually transmitted infection; to be current smokers or ex-smokers and to have used unhealthy weight-control practices. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm findings from other countries about the importance of social conditions as determinants of alcohol consumption by young women. IMPLICATIONS: Health promotion to reduce young women's alcohol consumption needs to be carefully targeted to take account of their demographies, living environments and beliefs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Demographic factors as predictors of coping strategies among police officers.

This study examined the effects of demographic factors on coping responses among police officers. A sample of 233 police officers completed the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (Folkman & Lazarus, 1988). The regression analysis showed that the higher the reported educational attainment, the more police officers reported coping which was emotion-focused and seeking social support. The rank of the officer was directly related to reported emotion-focused coping. These results are discussed relative to research on the relations of demographic factors and coping responses among police officers.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

The Camden schizophrenia surveys. II. High prevalence of schizophrenia in an inner London borough and its relationship to socio-demographic factors.

BACKGROUND: Investigation of the geographical distribution of schizophrenia and its relationship to socio-demographic factors is useful for planning services. METHOD: Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 980) were identified by key informants within an inner London borough and point prevalence calculated for broad, Feighner and DSM-III-R schizophrenia. The distribution of cases was tested for significant variation using the Poisson process model. Regression models using the Jarman-8 score and its component variables were tested for their ability to predict the prevalence of schizophrenia. RESULTS: A high point prevalence of schizophrenia (5.3 per 1000 resident population) was demonstrated. Case distribution showed a marked and significant variation associated with socio-demographic factors. The prediction of prevalence was more accurate for broad than for narrower definitions of schizophrenia; unemployment rate performed best. CONCLUSIONS: Unemployment rates and Jarman-8 scores may provide crude estimates for resource allocation in planning mental health services, highlighting the need for additional services in deprived inner city areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Demographic factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine estimated by radioimmunoassay.

In order to assess the impact of demographic factors on serum levels of cyclosporine (CsA) estimated by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in renal allograft recipients, 493 pharmacokinetic studies were performed in 212 patients. Neither the presence of diabetes mellitus nor the CsA dosing frequency affected the measured pharmacokinetic parameters. Age over 45 years led to slower CsA clearance with resultant increase in maximum serum concentration (Cmax) per administered milligram, and increased volume of distribution. Female patients showed more rapid drug clearance, but greater volume of distribution. Concomitant hepatic impairment reduced drug clearance, increasing the area under the curve (AUC) per administered milligram of drug, and the Cmax. Patients treated with a rapid steroid taper showed a shorter half-life and lower Cmax than those receiving a slow steroid taper. Nephrotoxicity was associated with increased AUC per administered mg, while patients with acute tubular necrosis requiring dialysis showed poorer drug absorption, lower Cmax, and longer time to peak. The only effect of cimetidine administration was a slightly shortened time to peak. Serial analyses posttransplant in 17 patients suggested a tendency toward improved drug absorption with no effect on other parameters. These studies demonstrating the significant impact of demographic factors thus afford a basis on which to predict the trend of anticipated CsA levels as measured by RIA in renal allograft recipients.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

[Participation rate and related socio-demographic factors in the national cancer screening program].

BACKGROUND: Cancer is the leading cause of death and one of the largest burdens of disease in Korea. In 1996, the 'Ten year Plan for Cancer Control' was formulated and the government then adopted the plan as a national policy. As part of this plan, the National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP) for Medicaid recipients was formulated, and the government adapted this in 1999. For low-income beneficiaries of the National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC), the screening program has been in place since 2002. In 2002, the target cancers of NCSP were stomach, breast and cervical cancer. This study was conducted to examine the relationships between the participation rate, the abnormal screening rate and the socio-demographic factors associated with participation in the screening program. METHODS: To analyze the participation rate and abnormal rate for the NCSP, we used the 2002 NCSP records. The information on the socio-demographic factors was available from the database of the beneficiaries in the NHIC and Medicaid. RESULTS: The participation rate of the Medicaid beneficiaries for the stomach, breast and cervical cancer screening were 9.2%, 15.5% and 15.0%, respectively, and 11.3% and 12.5%, except cervical cancer which wasn't be included in the NCSP, for the beneficiaries of the NHIC. The abnormal rate of stomach, breast and cervical cancer screening were 25.7%, 11.2% and 21.0%, respectively, for the beneficiaries of Medicaid and 42.6% and 19.4% for the beneficiaries of the NHIC. On the multiple logistic regression analysis, gender, age and place of residence were significantly associated with participation rates of the NCSP. For stomach cancer, women participated in the NCSP more than men. The participation rate was higher among people in their fifties and sixties than for those people in their forties and those people over seventy years in age. For the breast and cervical cancer, people in their fifties were more likely to participate in the NCSP than people in their forties and people over sixty. For the place of residence, people in the rural areas participated more than those people in any other places. CONCLUSIONS: The above results show that the participation rate and abnormal rate were significantly associated with the socio-demographic factors. To improve the participation rate for the NCSP, more attention should be given to the underserved groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Alosetron repeat dose pharmacokinetics, effects on enzyme activities, and influence of demographic factors.

AIM: To assess the pharmacokinetics of alosetron, its effect on in vivo enzyme activities, and influence of demographic factors during repeated dosing. METHODS: Thirty healthy men and women received 1 mg oral alosetron twice-daily for 29.5 days and a single oral dose of a metabolic probe cocktail before and on the last day of alosetron dosing. Serum alosetron concentrations were measured on days 1, 8, 15, 22 and 29. Probe-substrate and metabolite concentrations were measured after each cocktail dose. RESULTS: Alosetron accumulation in serum was negligible. Exposure to alosetron did not alter probe-metabolite/substrate ratios associated with CYP2C19, 2E1, 2C9, or 3A4 activity, but modestly decreased those associated with CYP1A2 and N-acetyltransferase activity. Systemic exposure to alosetron was higher in women, positively correlated with age and body mass index, and negatively correlated with CYP1A2 activity. Incidence of constipation was higher in women, but not associated with alosetron concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Single dose data can reliably predict the pharmacokinetics of alosetron after repeated doses. Alosetron exhibits limited potential for inhibition of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism. Interindividual differences in alosetron pharmacokinetics associated with demographic factors may be related to strong dependence on metabolism by CYP1A2.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Socio-demographic factors and edentulism: the Nigerian experience.

BACKGROUND: The rate of total edentulism is said to be increasing in developing countries and this had been attributed mainly to the high prevalence of periodontal diseases and caries. Several reports have shown that non-disease factors such as attitude, behavior, dental attendance, characteristics of health care systems and socio-demographic factors play important roles in the aetiopathogenesis of edentulism. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between socio-demographic factors and edentulism. METHODS: A total of 152 patients made up of 80 (52.6%) males and 72 (47.4%) females who presented in two prosthetic clinics located in an urban and a rural area were included in the study. The relationship between gender, age, socio-economic status and edentulism in this study population was established. RESULTS: No significant relationship between gender and denture demand was noted in the study. The demand for complete dentures increased with age while the demand for removable partial dentures also increased with age until the 3rd decade and then started to decline. A significant relationship was found between denture demand and the level of education with a higher demand in lower educational groups (p < 0.001). In addition, the lower socio-economic group had a higher demand more for prostheses than the higher group. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in this study revealed a significant relationship between socio-demographic variables and edentulism with age, educational level and socio-economic status playing vital roles in edentulism and denture demand.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Consanguinity and associated socio-demographic factors in the United Arab Emirates.

The aim of this study was to explore the association between socio-demographic factors and consanguineous marriages in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This was a cross-sectional population-based study conducted in the cities of Al Ain and Dubai between October 1994 and March 1995. A multi-stage sampling design was used and a representative total sample of 2,200 UAE females aged 15 years and above were included in this study. Data on 2,033 (85.8%) UAE national families who consented to participate in the study were obtained. The rate of consanguineous marriages in the sample was found to be 50.5% with 95% estimated population confidence limits 49.2-51.8%. The socio-demographic factors considered were: husband's age, wife's age, husband's and wife's educational levels, husband's occupation, wife's occupation, housing conditions, husband's parental kinship, wife's parental kinship, and kinship between the spouses. Consanguinity is more common among women with educated husbands (secondary or university/high) than among women with less educated husbands. The results indicate that the frequency of consanguineous marriages significantly increases when the husband's educational level is higher (p = 0.003). The distribution of relationship between spouses over the two generations of the study group and their parents is presented. The incidence of consanguineous marriages among the parents is 53% and 62% for the women and their husbands, respectively, and the overall incidence is 57%. The parallel patrilateral marriage is obviously the favoured practice when considering the parent's kinship distributions. The results of step-wise multiple logistic regression analysis for the occurrence of consanguineous marriages show that the husband's education and husband's parent's consanguinity status only are significantly associated variables.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Demographic factors and pregnancy--who chooses abortion?].

The number of pregnancies terminated as induced abortions has been analysed from data recorded in the Norwegian Birth Registry and the Norwegian Abortion File at the Central Bureau of Statistics. During the time period 1 January 1979 to 31 December 1991, 871,439 pregnant women were registered. Among single women the proportion of pregnancies terminated as induced abortions varied between 40 and 75% throughout the study period. Cohabitant women chose abortion significantly more often than married women. Among married women the proportion of pregnancies interrupted varied with the woman's age and the number of children. Among women 20-34 years of age with one or no child, more than 97% of the pregnancies proceeded to term. Women undergoing abortion comprise a heterogeneous group, judged by demographic factors. Future studies must focus on social factors as well as demographic factors, in order to uncover the complexity of the reasons for choosing abortion.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1997

Perinatal mortality rates and associated socio-demographic factors in two rural districts in Zimbabwe.

OBJECTIVE: To determine perinatal mortality rates and associated socio-demographic factors in two rural districts in Zimbabwe. DESIGN: Cross sectional community based survey. SETTING: Murewa and Madziwa rural districts. SUBJECTS: Women aged 15 to 50 years who had been pregnant over the preceding two years before the study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to eligible women by trained interviewers. Information pertaining to the women's socio-demographic characteristics, reproductive health profile and pregnancy outcome was documented. A post hoc case control analysis was undertaken to determine the risk factors associated with poor perinatal outcome. Women who had a poor perinatal outcome were designated cases and those with a good outcome were designated controls. RESULTS: The average perinatal mortality rate for both districts was 111 per 1,000 live births (Murewa 182 per 1,000 and Madziwa 48 per 1,000). Factors significantly associated with perinatal mortality were ethnicity, marital status, subjective standard of living and the women's level of formal education. Being Zezuru or being married was associated with poor perinatal outcome. Living well and having high levels of education were also associated with poor perinatal outcome. Perinatal mortality was not significantly associated with maternal age or spouse level of education. CONCLUSION: This study showed unacceptability high perinatal mortality rates in these rural districts. The true socio-demographic factors associated with perinatal mortality could not be ascertained in this study because of confounding factors. There is need to study quality of antenatal, intrapartum and neonatal care offered by health centres in these districts. In addition there is need to strongly advocate a perinatal programme to address these high mortality rates.

Adolescent↗