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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

No psychological dependence after oral administration of morphine to rats.

Rats subjected to forced oral self-administration of morphine solutions without or in combination with two daily i.p. injections of morphine preferred drinking water when this was offered in addition to morphine solutions. The daily intake of morphine during the terminal phase of self-administration of morphine was 50-80 mg/kg (oral application alone) or 270 mg/kg (oral and i.p. application). Morphine treated animals showed withdrawal symptoms on administration of naloxone 1 mg/kg i.p. during the period of self-administration, but not when they had started drinking exclusively water. The tail-flick test revealed no tolerance during prolonged treatment with morphine. The results indicate that no psychological dependence developed when morphine was applied orally and regularly.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Opioid analgesics: nurses' knowledge of doses and psychological dependence.

Lack of education of health professionals, including nurses, is frequently cited as a major reason for undertreatment of pain. Very recent surveys have revealed an urgent need for basic and continuing nursing education to address this problem. For example, little time is spent on the topic of pain in many baccalaureate nursing programs, nursing textbooks lack correct information about opioid addiction, and most practicing nurses currently do not possess knowledge about opioid analgesics that would enable them to administer opioids effectively. The authors report on a survey of 1,781 practicing nurses' specific knowledge deficits regarding opioid analgesics and propose some solutions.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Psychological dependence? A possible different formulation of the problem for a therapeutic rearrangement in chronic drug addictions].

Disputing the concept of "psychic dependence", the Authors review six motivations to use addictive drugs, four of which pertain to the moment to assume the habit, although the latter two, which are identifiable with physical and psychic dependence, depend on te breaking the habit. While physical dependence is linked to withdrawal syndrome, psychic dependence, on the Author's opinion, is related to a long-standing previous state of true or masked endogenous depression (in this case it would be well termed as "neuropsychological dependence"), and the drug taking is only a maladaptive self-medication. This thesis is substantiated by the literature, reporting, in chronic drug addicts the use of the whole series of antidepressants (i.e. tricyclics, doxepine, lithium, etc.), with noticeable therapeutical success. According with other reports and with personal experience, the Authors maintain a great importance to drugs acting, directly or not, on GABA, i.e. l-glutamine, piracetam, and, particularly, N-dipropilacetic acid.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed1979

Use of drugs with dependence liability.

The term addictive as used by the popular press frequently confuses the more precise concepts of acute and chronic tolerance, physical dependence and withdrawal, and psychologic dependence. Serious physical dependence on psychoactive drugs is rare and is easily managed. In contrast, psychologic dependence, the most important reason for persistent drug use, is much more common and is difficult to treat. Some tactics are available - for example, confrontation and discussion with the patient about how a drug is not going to be effective over long periods. Treating the symptom of a complex problem should, of course, not be expected to solve the problem. The most important tactic is to prescribe dependence-associated drugs only when clearly indicated, when the problem is responsive to drug therapy and for the shortest period necessary, without the option for renewing the prescription. Many problems related to drug use long after the period of expected benefit is past can be avoided by far more restrictive drug prescribing. Barbiturates and nonbarbiturate sedative hypnotics (e.g., ethchlorvynol, glutethimide, meprobamate, methaqualone and methyprylon) should not be prescribed for insomnia, acute reactive anxiety, chronic anxiety neurosis or depressive illnesses, since the safer and equally effective benzodiazepines, which are less associated with dependence, are available.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed1992

[Drug dependence in therapy of chronic pain].

The use of drugs in pain therapy is characterized by the fear of addiction. As a result strong analgesics are underused. To compensate the missing analgesic effect the additional use of psychotropic drugs is common. There is still little knowledge that just this therapeutic strategy of underuse leads to iatrogenic addiction. To avoid misunderstandings and irritations in the discussion around addiction, there must be clearly distinguished between physical and psychological dependence. There is sufficient evidence that especially tranquilizers and mixed analgesics induce the development of psychological dependence. In pain therapy there is no indication for these substances. In contrast opioids can be used without causing psychological dependence, presuming the guidelines of drug therapy in chronic pain (e.g. WHO guidelines) are attended.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Personality dependence in drug dependence].

Is drug dependence more likely to establish itself in persons whose personality structure is already characterized by a psychological dependence which can be looked at from two aspects: cognitive field dependence and emotional dependence? Three groups of 21 subjects each, multiple drug users, users of cannabis and non-users, are studied with the expectation that the first group is more psychologically dependent than the second one, the latter being in turn more dependent than the group of non-users. The situation is not so simple. Hard-drug users appear to be more active than users of cannabis, whereas non-users are even more dynamic individuals. However, in such a study the duration of consumption exercise an important influence because, in this regard, different personality profiles of the two drug-using groups come into play, the users of cannabis presenting a more incoherent picture. The multiple drug addict selected from his natural environment seems to acquire, through his prolonged consumption, a greater perceptual independence and emotional maturity owing to the clandestine nature of his habit, and a more acute and articulate general way of functioning in order to avoid mishaps.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Pain as a joint function of alcohol intake and customary reasons for drinking.

Nonalcoholics who, on a problem drinking inventory, responded "yes" to items reflecting a psychological dependence on alcohol, tended after alcohol ingestion to report a decrease in pain experienced in a cold pressor test. Conversely, those whose responses indicated no psychological dependence on alcohol tended to report pain increases after the consumption of alcohol.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1979

[New pathways in the treatment of psychologically drug dependent adolescents].

Based on a one-and-half year experience in a small group setting with drug dependent adolescents the change of group structure, the functioning of the group for its members, the leader's position within the group and the therapeutic relationship are analysed. In its beginning the group develops what can be called a "symbiotic group structure". Its transformation into that of a "working group" is the main task of therapy. The underlying processes can be compared with those of the beginning individuation in early childhood. Ego development begins, as M. Mahler and other modern investigators have shown, with the perception of one's own body and its representation in early ego formation. Using self awareness techniques, as we have done, is in this context a theoretical as well as practical well founded approach to the problems of psychic dependence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Physiological dependence on, and symptoms of withdrawal from, chlormethiazole.

The uses of chlormethiazole (Heminevrin) are briefly mentioned. Differing views of its potential for producing dependence are discussed. The consensus opinion is taken to be that a risk of psychological dependence does exist, but only one case has appeared in the medical literature to date of physiological dependence on chlormethiazole, with withdrawal symptoms. This case is re-examined. A second case is described in which the features of increasing dosage and withdrawal were followed by confusion, disorientation, delusions, hallucinations and muscular spasm and coarse jerking. This is taken as confirmation of the potential of chlormethiazole to produce physiological dependence. Some personal opinions of the author regarding indications for use and incidence of abuse are briefly mentioned.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

A controlled long-term study of flunitrazepam, nitrazepam and placebo, with special regard to withdrawal effects.

The hypnotic effect of flunitrazepam (Ro 5-4200), nitrazepam and a placebo was studied in 117 outpatients using hypnotics for at least 3 months prior to the study. They obtained various neurotropic drugs and this and other treatments were unchanged throughout the trial period of 13 weeks. This consisted of 3 weeks on the previously used hypnotic, 3 weeks on a test drug (during the first of these a doubling of the dose was permitted if the initial dose of 1 mg flunitrazepam, 5 mg nitrazepam or one tablet of placebo was not satisfactory) and 4 weeks' observation after a request to stop medication with the test drug. The effects were evaluated every week by self-ratings. Also noted were: the frequency of dose increase after 1 week of the test period, number of drop-outs in the test period, and failure in the attempt to stop taking the test drug. A "psychological concentration test" was done, as was a follow-up interview. The self-ratings had a good reliability and showed that more patients experienced shorter sleep induction, longer sleep time, better sleep quality and a subjective feeling of having had a better rest with flunitrazepam than with either nitrazepam or placebo. There were no differences between the nitrazepam and the placebo groups. Tiredness was the most common side effect and appeared in the same frequency in all groups. The number of patients who increased the dose after 1 week's medication, as well as the number of drop-outs, was significantly higher in the nitrazepam and placebo groups than in the flunitrazepam group. There was no difference in the ability to discontinue the medication between the test groups or between groups having previously used different hypnotics. The "psychological concentration test" did not reveal any differences between groups. It was concluded that withdrawal of a hypnotic in chronic users was not facilitated by the use of a placebo. This was interpreted as due to a strong psychological dependence upon the hypnotics and their lack of pharmacological effects during long-term treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Post-transplantation analgesic dependence in patients who formerly suffered from analgesic neophropathy.

Twenty-two patients with functioning grafts who originally developed renal failure due to analgesic nephropathy ("analgesic" group), and 84 patients with various other causes of renal failure ("non-analgesic" group) were studied over one year to assess the extent of analgesic use and abuse. On each occasion that one of these patients reported to hospital a urine sample was collected and analyzed for N-acetylparaminophenol (NAPA). Of the "analgesic" group of patients, 14% had consistently negative urine samples while 41% showed NAPA in more than half the urines collected. In the "non-analgesic" group 29% of patients had entirely negative urine tests, and in only 7% were more than half of the urines NAPA-positive. Patients in the "non-analgesic" group readily admitted taking anaglesics at frequencies compatible with the observed number of positive tests. This contrasted with the "analgesic" group in which 14 of 19 patients with NAPA-positive urines denied analgesic intake. This is considered to be a guilt manifestation in patients who have developed a psychological dependence on analgesics and have recidivated with full knowledge of the possible harm these drugs may inflict on their grafts.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1976

The psychodynamics of male prostitution.

In a seventeen-month field study thirty-three male were interviewed and tentatively classified into four categories: call-boys, street prostitutes, bar hustlers, and kept boys. These classifications, though flexible, were deemed useful in exploring the homosexual psychodynamics involved. In addition, twenty frequenter of prostitutes (scores) were interviewed and the prostitute-customer relationship was analyzed and discussed.

Adult↗