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Results for “Differential Mortality”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1981

Thyroxin-induced differential mortality of mouse embryos with cleft lip.

Administration of thyroxin in midgestation has been reported to prevent spontaneous cleft lip in term fetuses of genetically predisposed mice. Attempts to repeat this finding have given ambiguous results. The experiment was therefore repeated using CL/Fr and A/HeJ mice, and various thyroxin dosages. The embryos were examined on days 13 and 14, earlier in gestation than in previous studies. The usual complement of cleft-lip embryos, 21% in CL/Fr and 10% in A/HeJ, was present, but they were often dead. At all dosages of thyroxin that caused embryonic mortality, differential mortality of cleft-lip embryos at term after thyroxin treatment is thus due to their increased mortality, not to prevention of the lip defect.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[2 methods for the study of differential mortality based on sex: rates ratio and orthogonal regression].

Sex mortality differential is studied for all the causes of death, in La Coruña (Galicia, Spain), according to geographic area, zone (urban, semiurban and countryside) and decade (1961-1970 y 1971-1980). Two study methods are compared: a) Rate ratio (with direct age-adjusted rates); and b): Differential (Dj) between observed rate (M) and expected rate (M), for male mortality, according to female level (orthogonal regression model). t-Student-Fisher tests have been used to compare an observed mean and a theoretic one, and to compare two observed means, with independent data. An increase in male overmortality is found, from one to the other decade (112.9% to 117.0%), confirmed by orthogonal method: respectively 5.38 deaths every 100,000 and 16.81 deaths. This over-mortality is more frequent in the urban areas, while inframortality appears mainly in countryside areas. Furthermore, male overmortality increases in urban zones and decreases in semiurban and rural zones.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Sex mortality differentials and selective survival in large medfly cohorts: implications for human sex mortality differentials.

Experimental studies on male-female mortality differences in nonhuman species are important because they provide insights into both the nature of age-specific gender differences and the concept of selective survival--whether one subgroup in a population (e.g., males) is consistently more frail than another subgroup (e.g., females). We found that it was not possible to classify either sex as more robust or longer lived since relative longevity was conditional on age (young or old), cage conditions (solitary confinement or grouped cages), and treatment (starvation, irradiation, or density). Implications of these findings are discussed including selective survival, demographic selection, a framework for male-female mortality differentials, and an evolutionary perspective on gender differences in longevity.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Racism, society, and disease: an exploration of the social and biological mechanisms of differential mortality.

Racial differentials in mortality provide important insight into the nature of mass disease in capitalist society. Not only are the differentials sizable in magnitude, they are consistent for multiple causes of death and appear to evolve in response to social development. The relationships among social factors and the biological and physical agents of disease can be identified through racial contrasts and a pattern of causation which applies to both the minority and majority populations described. Furthermore, the impact of exploitation as the primary disease-mediating factor under capitalist social relations can be estimated. This paper attempts to combine an analysis of bio-medical mechanisms with Marxist social theory in a comprehensive framework for the study of the social origins of racial differentials.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1993

Effect of differential mortality on risk behavior change in cohort studies.

Recent theoretical work suggests that reductions in aggregate measures of risk behaviors are to be expected during a human immunodeficiency virus epidemic, because mortality is likely to be differential with respect to the level of the risk behavior. We present and apply a methodology for quantifying the effects of differential mortality on risk behavior changes in closed cohort studies. We demonstrate that differential mortality has caused 21% of the observed reduction in the mean, 29% of the observed reduction in the effective average, and 33% of the observed reduction in the variance of a risk behavior in a cohort of gay men.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1982

Selection and mortality differentials.

The Office of Population Censuses and Surveys Longitudinal Study provides reliable mortality data by a much wider range of characteristics than are available for other national sources. Although it is based on only a 1% sample of the population, it broadens the scope of mortality analysis and permits study of changes in relationships using different aspects of the time dimension. Data from this study have made us increasingly aware of the importance of selection to the interpretation and understanding of observed mortality differentials. Here we focus on that aspect of selection called "health-related mobility," which is associated with the relative health of people acquiring or losing individual characteristics. It is suggested that, for characteristics affected by health-related mobility, mortality differentials would narrow or widen with increased duration of follow-up. One of the basis of this argument the contribution of health-related mobility to mortality differentials by economic position and social class, to regional differentials, and to family and household differentials is investigated. Selection can thus be shown to operate when people change economic position, when they migrate, or when they change marital status. While the effects of these selection processes can be shown to contribute to social class gradients they do not explain regional differentials and contribute only to a limited degree to differentials by marital status. Differentials by household circumstances also reflect the product of selection processes.

Employment↗

PubMed1980

Recent trends in sex mortality differentials in the United States.

In the 1970s, the United States population experienced a notable drop in mortality rates, after several decades of relative stability. Has this increased longevity been enjoyed equally by males and females, so that sex mortality differentials are essentially the same as before? Or has one sex benefited more than the other? This paper focuses on the mortality experience of males and females between 1970 and 1977, by age and by leading causes of death. The 1970-1977 data are compared with two earlier periods (1920-1950 and 1950-1970) to show how recent trends contrast with previous ones. Overall, the recent data suggest a new situation for sex mortality differentials. In prior decades, females' longevity advantage over males increased. This continuing increase appeared for virtually all ages and leading causes. But in the 1970s, the increase slowed. Females' situation relative to males actually worsened for several age groups (under 1, 55-64) and for several leading causes (conditions of early infancy, bronchitis/empysema/asthma, homicide, peptic ulcer). Moreover, the pace of females' gains for heart diseases and cancer has slowed, and relative gains have stopped for cerebrovascular diseases and accidents. Reasons for recent changes in sex mortality differentials and possible future trends are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Race or class or race and class: growing mortality differentials in the United States.

Recent statistics on increasing differences in mortality rates between blacks and whites in the United States are causing a great deal of concern. The reduction of this gap is an important national goal. Yet mortality differentials cannot be explained solely by race. We must also look at class, as do all Western nations other than the United States, when compiling health statistics. In the United States, how people live, get sick, and die depends not only on their race, sex, and age, but also on their class, whether measured by level of education, income, or occupation. Class differentials in mortality and morbidity are greater than race differentials. By focusing our attention on race differentials alone, we will not be able to understand why the health indicators of minorities in the United States are deteriorating.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1987

Women in the labor force: are sex mortality differentials changing?

The relationship between the increasing participation of women in the labor force, female mortality, and the male-female mortality differential is examined in this work. The mortality experience of women and men 16 to 64 years of age in the Wisconsin civilian labor force is examined for the period 1974 to 1978 through comparisons of central death rates and sex mortality ratios. In general, this study suggests that, at this time, female mortality is not negatively affected by female labor force participation. Furthermore, there is little evidence to suggest that the entrance of women into the labor force will narrow the sex mortality differential in the general population. However, among certain occupation groups, males and females of similar marital status experience mortality rates that are quite similar. Possible interpretations of these unusual findings are presented.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Mortality differentials in Canada, 1951-1971: French, British, and Indians.

Mortality differentials reflect in part the social and economic conditions of groups in society. In this paper, the relationship between ethnic origin and mortality is investigated from the point of view of convergence and minority group status hypotheses. Multivariate methods are used to study differences among the French, the British and Native Indian (includes Metis and Eskimos) populations of Canada over three census periods from 1951 to 1971. A significant downward trend in the death rates of all three subpopulations is noted, but substantial differences persist, as the pace of mortality decline over time varies across the three ethnic groups. In the twenty-year interval between 1951 and 1971, Native Indians have experienced spectacular reductions in their overall death rates, but in comparative terms, their mortality levels still exceed those of the French (who show intermediate levels) and the British ethnic groups. The multivariate analysis provides strong support for the minority status effect, which is taken to suggest that the roots of inequalities in survival probabilities are partly a result of social and economic disparities. The convergence thesis received some support: over time the general pattern is one of declining mortality with some narrowing of the differences. An examination of four broad causes of death (neoplasms, cardiovascular, accidents-violence, and "other") suggests that Native Indians are characteristic of populations undergoing epidemiologic and demographic transitions. Their elevated risk of accidents-violence reflects social disruption in the process of modernization. Causes of death of the French and British populations are characterized by higher risks of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, typical of advanced societies.

Accidents↗

PubMed1994

Reported prevalences of former smokers in survey data: the importance of differential mortality and misclassification.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the reported increase in the percentage of never smokers in the group of men born between 1924 and 1938, as observed in survey data in the Netherlands, can be attributed to differential mortality or to misclassification. In a spreadsheet program, the mortality experiences of the men born in 1924 and 1938 were simulated with the use of lifetable techniques. Due to differential mortality, the percentage of true never smokers would be expected to increase from 9% to 9.3% for men born in 1938 and from 9% to 10.3% for men born in 1924. In the survey, the percentage of people who reported that they had never smoked increased from 9% to 36% for the men born between 1924 and 1938. Differential mortality can only explain a very small part of the reported increase in the percentage of "never" smokers. Misclassification of former smokers as never smokers is the most likely cause for the reported increase. This is reason for concern, because even a small percentage of misclassified former smokers may bias the estimated relative risk of mortality associated with current smoking to a considerable extent. Because former smoking status cannot be measured correctly, the percentage of former smokers may be calculated by modeling the percentage of ever smokers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Measuring socioeconomic mortality differentials over time.

Using 1973 Current Population Survey data matched to 1973-1978 Social Security mortality records, this study measures the relationship between the income and education of men and their subsequent mortality. The estimated relationships are compared with socioeconomic mortality differentials found by Kitagawa and Hauser in their study of 1960 census-death certificate matched data. The comparison suggests that there has been no improvement in the relative mortality experience of low socioeconomic status men. More generally, the article discusses how Social Security data could be used to monitor, on a continual basis, our progress toward eradicating significant mortality differentials in the United States.

Data Collection↗

PubMed1985

Social class mortality differentials: artefact, selection or life circumstances?

Data from 10 years follow up of mortality in the OPCS Longitudinal Study are used to relate deaths of men in 1976-81 to their social class as recorded by the 1971 census. Explanations of social class mortality differentials are critically reviewed in the light of these new data. The similarity between the class differentials observed for men aged 15-64 years in this study and those reported in the 1970-2 Decennial Supplement on Occupational Mortality indicate that the published gradients were not in fact grossly distorted by numerator denominator biases. Distortions to gradients observed in the early years of the longitudinal study and ascribed to selective health related mobility out of employment from the principal social classes to the permanently sick had largely worn off after five years of follow up. Sharp gradients at ages over 75 years, similar to those at younger ages, suggest that, for men aged over 50 years, selective health related mobility between social classes does not contribute to differentials in mortality.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[Mortality differentials in men and women in the southeastern region, Brazil--1960, 1970 and 1980].

Male and female mortality rates in the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1960, 1970 and 1980 are studied with a view to analysing the different risks to which men and women are subject by age group. Mortality differentials by sex and cause were studied by means of male/female mortality ratios, relative and absolute differences among rates, and standardized rates. An analysis of differentials by selected groups of cause for 1980 was undertaken. Male mortality rates were higher than the female rates in all age groups in the three years studied, with an increase of the male/female mortality ratio for the 15-34 age group over this period. The excess of male death was mainly due to the increase of deaths from violent causes among young men, a dramatic circumstance that can hardly be changed by "technical" procedures. As regards deaths from other causes, biological determinants and the different risks for men and women should be considered in order better to understand this situation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Inequalities in women's health: looking at mortality differentials using an alternative approach.

Data obtained from follow up of the 1971 census sample in the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys longitudinal study of England and Wales were used to look at women's mortality differentials at ages 15-59. Women were grouped by combining information on marital state, own occupation, husband's occupation (if married), economic activity, and indicators of household wealth (housing tenure and access to a car). Large groups were found with considerable differences in mortality. High mortality was associated with working in manual occupations and living in rented housing with no car in the household. In contrast, low mortality was associated with non-manual occupations and living in owner occupied housing with a car. Among married housewives and single women these extreme groups contributed 44% of expected deaths, the disadvantaged group experiencing death rates two and a half times that of the advantaged group. Smaller differences were found among married women with an occupational class. These findings are further evidence of the "health divide" in England and Wales and show that accurately to reflect the relation between a woman's life circumstances and mortality it is necessary to utilise other measures than those based solely on occupation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Recent trends in sex mortality differentials in the United States.

Since 1920, American men, to an increasing degree, have experienced higher levels of mortality than American women for virtually all causes of death at almost every age. Recently, several authors have asserted that there is evidence of a change in these trends, caused primarily by rises in the levels of female mortality. Using age-adjusted death rates and data for the most recent years available (1960-1974). This paper shows that most female death rates are either stable or falling, and that the sex mortality differential for all causes except lung cancer is either stable or increasing.

Accidents↗

PubMed1976

[Causes of death responsible for international and intertemporal variation in sex mortality differentials].

Relative to a particular level of female mortality, male mortality is lower than expected, currently and historically, in Northwestern Europe, Southeastern Europe, and Tropical Latin America; it is higher than expected in Western-Central Europe and in the Far East. The geographical pattern of differentials is attributable primarily to variation in the masculinity of mortality from cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms, and influenza/pneumonia/bronchitis. Over time, male mortality has increased relative to a particular level of female mortality, and these same causes of death are principally responsible. In the 1960's, high masculinity of mortality was associated independently with low proportions in primary activities, high proportions hiring in large cities, and with high discrimination against females in school enrollment combined with poor nutritional standards. The former two variables once again operate primarily through cardiovascular disease, neoplasms, and the respiratory diseases, whereas the discrimination-nutrition interaction appears to operate through infectious diseases. Variations in levels of economic modernization are capable of accounting for a substantial portion of the regional differences, although certain constitutional factors such as physiotype are also plausibly implicated, and they are also congruent with trends in sex mortality differentials.

Asia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Estimating incidence from age-specific prevalence for irreversible diseases with differential mortality.

We present a method for estimating incidence from age-specific prevalence data for an irreversible disease where the mortality risks may differ for persons with and without the disease. This method is an extension of previously presented methodology for estimating incidence from prevalence for a disease that does not entail differential mortality. An application to senile cataract illustrates the method.

Age Factors↗