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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Violent and accidental mortality among four immigrant groups in Canada, 1970-1972.

For most people immigration to a new country such as Canada entails a positive move and an improvement in life. The many challenges associated with resettlement may, however, lead to insurmountable difficulties, stresses and conflict for a significant number of newcomers. The mortality experience of immigrants, as reflected in cause-of-death statistics, may provide indication of the extent of stress and conflict in their migration experience. This situation is most clearly exhibited in mortality from suicide, homicide, and motor vehicle accidents. In this study, hypotheses concerning immigrant mortality in Canada are developed and tested with a log-linear model for rates pertaining to rare events. Overall, the results give support for the importance of country-of-origin effects in explaining suicide propensities, but not for homicide and motor vehicle accidents mortality. Income discrepancies are a significant determinant of variability in death rates overall, but discrepancies between the immigrants in this study and the Canadian-born are not of much significance. The strongest net effect on the cause-specific death rate is associated with group membership. This effect likely reflects a number of residual unmeasured sources of variation including the influence of the immigrant ethnic community as a source of social support, and the potential confounding effects of migration selectivity.

Accidents↗
PubMed1986

The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study.

In 15 cohorts of the Seven Countries Study, comprising 11,579 men aged 40-59 years and "healthy" at entry, 2,288 died in 15 years. Death rates differed among cohorts. Differences in mean age, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and smoking habits "explained" 46% of variance in death rate from all causes, 80% from coronary heart disease, 35% from cancer, and 45% from stroke. Death rate differences were unrelated to cohort differences in mean relative body weight, fatness, and physical activity. The cohorts differed in average diets. Death rates were related positively to average percentage of dietary energy from saturated fatty acids, negatively to dietary energy percentage from monounsaturated fatty acids, and were unrelated to dietary energy percentage from polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and alcohol. All death rates were negatively related to the ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids. Inclusion of that ratio with age, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and smoking habits as independent variables accounted for 85% of variance in rates of deaths from all causes, 96% coronary heart disease, 55% cancer, and 66% stroke. Oleic acid accounted for almost all differences in monounsaturates among cohorts. All-cause and coronary heart disease death rates were low in cohorts with olive oil as the main fat. Causal relationships are not claimed but consideration of characteristics of populations as well as of individuals within populations is urged in evaluating risks.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Health and social predictors of mortality in an elderly Chinese cohort.

A total of 1,054 Hong Kong Chinese subjects aged 70 years or over were recruited into a cohort study to investigate the relation between social support and health outcomes. More than 30 social, health, and behavioral characteristics were recorded as baseline information when the study began in 1985. Mortality data were obtained during a 2-year follow-up. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the roles of these variables in predicting mortality. The mortality patterns of Hong Kong and of the studied cohort closely resemble that of Western developed countries with cancer, heart disease, and cerebrovascular diseases as the leading causes of death. Besides sex and place of residence (whether living in the community or in homes for the elderly), the independent predictors of mortality included five baseline variables: being single or widowed, limited ability in activities of daily living, smoking habit, low body mass index, and poor self-evaluated health status. Subjects with at least three of these predictors had a relative risk of 3.9 (95% confidence interval 2.4-6.2) compared with those with zero to two of these characteristics.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

Ethnic differentials in early childhood mortality in Nepal.

This paper investigates the association of early childhood mortality (between birth and second birthday) with ethnicity in Nepal, based on data from the 1976 Nepal Fertility Survey, which was part of the World Fertility Survey. The approach is through a series of hazard models, which incorporate ethnicity, year of birth, mother's illiteracy, father's illiteracy, rural-urban residence, region, sex, maternal age, survival of previous birth, previous birth interval, and breast-feeding as covariates. Ethnic differentials in early childhood mortality are not explained by the other socioeconomic and demographic covariates, except for a modest effect of illiteracy, but the remaining covariates explain a great deal of variability in early childhood mortality itself. Analysis using an improved specification of breast-feeding as an age-varying covariate indicates, on average, that breast-feeding, relative to not breast-feeding, reduces age-specific mortality risks during the first 2 years of life by 76%, a very large effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Effect of education and household characteristics on infant and child mortality in urban Nepal.

Infant and child mortality differentials are analysed by education of parents and other family members, access to toilet, electricity and source of drinking water in urban Nepal, using data from the Nepal Fertility and Family Planning Survey, 1986. The analyses showed significant effects of education, access to toilet and electricity in lowering infant and child mortality. Access to toilet and electricity are proxies for household socioeconomic status which suggests that education and household resources are complementary in lowering the infant and child mortality.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Women's status and infant mortality in rural Colombia.

This paper investigates the effects of maternal demographic characteristics and social and economic statuses on infant mortality in rural Colombia. Demographic characteristics include the age of the mother, parity and length of preceding interbirth interval, and sex of infant. Measures of women's status at the time of birth include education, wage labor and occupation, economic stratum, place of residence, and whether the mother is living with a husband. The life history data for the study (involving 4,928 births) were collected in 1986 from a representative sample of two cohorts of women resident in rural central Colombia. Overall differentials in infant mortality by measures of women's status are small and are in good part associated with the differing reproductive behaviors of the women and variations in breastfeeding practices. The sharp declines in infant mortality recorded in rural Colombia in recent years appear less related to improved status of women than to reductions in fertility that enhance infant survivorship and to public health interventions shared by all segments of the population.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Epidemiology and cause of deaths among women in rural Bangladesh.

A total of 542 women aged 15 to 44 years died during the 10-year period 1976 to 1985 in the control area of Matlab, an area with a population of 90,000, representative of many other rural areas of southern Bangladesh. The corresponding age-specific mortality rate was 290 per 100,000 women 15-44 years. These deaths have been analysed retrospectively, using information collected through the Demographic Surveillance System set up by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) and verbal autopsies conducted in the homes. Of these deaths, 175 (32%) were due to infectious diseases, 163 (30%) to direct obstetric complications, 67 (12%) to injuries, and the remaining 26% to other causes. Cause-specific and proportionate mortality rates showed a positive association with age for deaths due to infectious diseases, non-infectious diseases and unspecified causes, and an inverse association with age for deaths due to injuries. These rates showed a peak in the intermediate age group 25 to 34 years for deaths due to direct obstetric causes. No consistent trends were visible when annual rates were studied over time. Prior to death, 42% of the women were attended by traditional practitioners, and 33% were not attended at all. Demographic impact is discussed, emphasizing the contribution of obstetric causes to overall mortality. Priorities for health policy implications are proposed, focusing upon a strong maternity care programme, and improved availability of female health personnel, in the context of the socio-cultural constraints imposed on women in poor rural areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Another look at the black-white gap in gestation-specific perinatal mortality.

In the US, black infants born near or at term experience higher mortality than white infants. To extend our understanding of black-white differences in the relative advantages of growth (measured by birthweight) for gestational age, we compared race-specific rates of perinatal mortality by deviation in grams from the median birthweight for four categories of gestation (35-36, 37-38, 39-41, and 42-43 weeks). We also used race-specific standards to examine the difference between the median birthweight and the optimum birthweight (i.e. birthweight with the lowest mortality). The data, which were derived from vital records for singletons delivered in the US from 1983-1984, comprised 24,626 fetal and neonatal deaths among 5,157,197 white infants and 5973 fetal and neonatal deaths among 926,678 black infants. At all deviations from the median birthweight, black infants had relatively better survival at 35-36 weeks of gestation. This advantage was reversed among infants with gestations of 39-41 and 42-43 weeks. The optimum birthweight for black infants with gestations greater than or equal to 37 weeks was closer to their median birthweight than was that for white infants. For black infants with gestations of 39-41 weeks, the optimum birthweight was 187g (95% confidence interval (CI): 150-234) greater than the median birthweight (3289g); for comparable white infants the optimum birthweight was 397g (95% CI: 366-431) greater than the median birthweight (3487g). To reduce the black-white gap in perinatal mortality, we need a better understanding of aetiological relations between gestation, growth, and mortality.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1992

Early childhood mortality in a Brazilian cohort: the roles of birthweight and socioeconomic status.

The deaths of children aged 1-4 years were studied in a cohort of 5914 Brazilian liveborns. A total of 29 early childhood deaths were recorded (cumulative mortality risk of approximately 6 per 1000), 17 of which (59%) were due to infectious diseases. The death rate was highest in the second year. Deaths were highly concentrated in children from low income (< US $50/month) families, where the cumulative risk of early childhood death was about 10 per 1000; on the other hand, there were no deaths among the 616 children from families with a monthly income of US $300 or more. Birthweight was also associated with mortality: the cumulative risk of children weighing less than 2000 g at birth was 21 per 1000, compared to 4 per 1000 among those with birthweights of 3500 g or more. Simultaneous adjustment for income and birthweight did not substantially change these differentials. These findings confirm the strong association between early childhood mortality and socioeconomic conditions, but also make evident the long-term effects of low birthweight.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1992

Patterns of demographic change in the Americas.

Considerable scholarly debate has focused on the nature of demographic change in the Americas before and after 1492. Recent research on human skeletal samples and related archeological materials suggests that morbidity and mortality were increasing throughout much of the Western Hemisphere before 1492 in response to increased population density, increased sedentism, and changing subsistence. The evidence suggests that after 1492 population reduction was caused not by continental pandemics but by localized or regional epidemics augmented by social and economic disruption. The twentieth century has witnessed remarkable Native American population recovery, fueled both by improvements in health care and changing definitions of "being Indian."

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Fertility and health in Mexico].

Fertility, health, and family planning are not independent factors, but rather involve a series of biological and social mechanisms in close interaction with one another. The impact that a high fertility rate has on health is reflected mainly in a rise in the rates of maternal and child mortality. Similarly, fertility has a greater negative effect upon the health of groups characterized by high reproductive risk, high parity, short intergenesic intervals, and unwanted pregnancies. On the other hand, family planning -and specifically the use of contraceptive methods-helps to achieve a lowering of the fertility rate and also has a positive effect on maternal-child health. This situation can be observed in the case of Mexico, where fertility rates and tendencies, as well as maternal and child mortality, have been reduced during the past decade.

Family Planning Services↗