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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

The role of interoception in learned visceral control.

Research concerned with the psychology and physiology of interoceptive processes is reviewed with the purpose of evaluating theoretical formulations of learned visceral control. Basic animal research in interoception provides relevant information; however, much research dealing directly with interoception and learned control is inadequate due either to inappropriate measurement of interoceptive ability or to poor experimental design. The two primary theoretical orientations linking interoception and learned visceral control differ according to the role ascribed to external feedback; the first views feedback as an enhancement of interoceptive cues, the second as an enhancement of exteroceptive cues. These theories are discussed with regard to recent investigations of learned visceral control.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1976

A two-pathway informon theory of conditioning and adaptive pattern recognition.

A neural network theory is proposed which offers an explanation of many of the facts of classical and operant conditioning and adaptive pattern recognition. Interconnected networks of units have been studied and simulated which embody only two rules; firstly, units have inputs from pathways of variable and of fixed conductivity; secondly, the conductivity of a variable pathway is made proportional to the negative of the mutual information function between the signals at its input and output. The signal in a fixed pathway indicates whether the total input to the variable pathways is a member or not of some class. After a learning phase in which the unit, called an informon, receives such labelled inputs, it is able to predict the class of future unlabelled inputs. Such units are stable and their steady state can be calculated.

Conditioning, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

Simulation studies of learning in an informon network.

A single informon reproduces classical conditioning to compound stimuli under a wide range of conditions during reinforcement and non-reinforcement; it also reproduces simple operant conditioning. A network of 210 informons with 8400 simultaneouslly varying pathways has been simulated; it can learn to recognize handprinted numerals. The networks studied must be more richly interconnected before they can reproduce more detailed behaviour of animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Evoked response correlate of symbol and significate.

Changing the source and intensity of the auditory signal to six trained cats responding to meaningful auditory stimuli permits exogenous and endogenous processes in the auditory evoked potential to be separated. For short-latency exogenous processes, latency and amplitude depend on the parameters of the physical stimulus. However, the amplitude and shape of longer-latency endogenous processes are essentially independent of the location and intensity of the signal source and seem to be invariant concomitants of the significance of the signal.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The effect of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and LSD on the acquisition of an active avoidance response in the rat.

The course of active avoidance learning of rats in a symmetrical Y-maze under the influence of 1, 3, and 9 mg/kg of delta 9-THC i.p., and 5, 20, and mug/kg of LSD was investigated. Delta-THC in a dosage of 1 mg/kg had no effect on avoidance learning. Three to a lesser extent 9 mg/kg produced more rapid learning with a significantly better performance. Learning under delta 9-THC proved to be state-dependent. The withdrawal of delta 9-THC caused a decrease in the avoidance rate, which was dependent on the dosage. Upon renewal of the THC doses, the animals reattained their earlier preformance. In the course of the experiment there was rapid tolerance development, especially of the sedative properties of THC. LSD retarded the rate of acquisition of the active avoidance response. Whereas the control animals displayed over 80% successful active avoidance from the 14th session onwards, this was achieved by the LSD groups only after the 20th session. However, in contrast to the control group the LSD animals were able to increase their avoidance rate to over 90%, and this was maintained to the end of the experiment (a total of 24 sessions with LSD). The sudden withdrawal of LSD produced a fall in avoidance rate, which was dependent on the pervious training dosage; as with delta 9-THC state-dependent learning can also be assumed for LSD.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Discrimination of uniform spectrum pulse sequences.

Random polarity-modulated sequences were produced with a uniform short-term spectrum over defined sampling intervals by a method described by Pierce, Lipes, and Cheetham [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 61, 1609-1621 (1977)]. These are identified as PLC sequences. By contrast, unconstrained random polarity-modulated pulse trains with a constant interpulse interval may depart from a short-term uniform spectrum. It is shown that listeners can clearly discriminate between PLC sequences and unconstrained random sequences, and can discriminate among different PLC sequences. This discrimination is more nearly related to the statistical redundancy of the PLC sequences. This discrimination is more nearly related to the statistical redundancy of the PLC sequences than to their run-length distribution. Such discrimination is relatively resistant to moderate degrees of temporal jitter and is obtained with other forms of information coding. Discrimination of PLC sequences is presumably based upon phase information.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1978

Effect of heart-rate control training on heart-rate discrimination.

4 subjects were exposed to discrimination-testing procedures before and later biofeedback training to increase and decrease their heart rates. Results indicated significant increases and decreases in heart rate, as well as a significant improvement in accuracy of discrimination. The results suggest improvements in discrimination may occur as a function of feedback training.

Biofeedback, Psychology↗
PubMed1977

Realtion of heart rate control to heartbeat perception.

The relation of heartbeat perception to voluntary control of heart rate (HR) and to learning of enhanced HR control during feedback was studied in three experiments. In Experiment I heartbeat perception was unrelated to voluntary control of HR but was negatively correlated with HR learning. Experiments II and III showed that heartbeat perception was unrelated to either initial voluntary control or learning and suggested that sampling error accounted for the negative correlation in Experiment I. Experiment I also demonstrated that learned increases in HR are retained for at least 10 weeks following feedback training. Autonomic Perception Questionnaire scores were not predictive of voluntary HR control or learning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Infant recognition of mother's voice.

Each of a group of one-month-old infants was reinforced, contingent upon nonutritive sucking, with its mother's voice and the voice of a stranger. In this experiment, two conditions were applied. Under the first, the mother's speech was aimed at communicating with the infant, while, under the second, the mother's speech lacked prosodic and intonational aspects of normal speech. It was shown that infants will suck more for their mother's voices under the intonanted condition only. It was concluded that a young infant prefers its own mother's voice provided the mother speaks normally.

Discrimination, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

Cardiac perception and cardiac control. A review.

The evidence regarding specific cardiac perception and discrimination, and its relationship to voluntary cardiac control, is critically reviewed. Studies are considered in three sections, depending on the method used to assess cardiac perception: questionnaire assessment, discrimination procedures, and heartbeat tracking. The heartbeat tracking procedure would appear to suffer least from interpretative difficulties. Recommendations are made regarding the style of analysis used to assess heartbeat perception in such tracking tasks.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed1977

Differentiation of intropunitive from extrapunitive female inmates.

Five cards of the Thematic Apperception Test were administered to 10 extrapunitive and 10 intropunitive female inmates. A scoring index based upon the individual's relationship and response to the environment was derived. Discrimination of group membership made by two independent judges who employed the index resulted in significant differentiation of groups on card 3BM. Discussion considers response to card 3BM as a manifestation of identification with the stimulus figure. Environmental constriction as an important response component also is examined.

Criminal Psychology↗
PubMed1978

The interstimulus interval in classical autonomic conditioning of young infants.

Conditioned auditory discrimination and extinction of the skin potential response were attempted in 4-month-old infants using interstimulus intervals of 1500, 3500, 5500, and 7500 msec. Half of the infants in each of the interstimulus interval groups were defined as high magnitude orienters and half were low magnitude orienters. Conditioning was successful with the 5500- and 7500-msec interstimulus intervals, but not with the 1500- and 3500-msec intervals. Analysis of individual subject data indicated that individual subject data indicated that individual differences in conditionability were related to interstimulus interval and orienting response magnitude. Also, those subjects discriminating at the longer intervals tended to be high magnitude orienters. In other words, longer interstimulus intervals interacted with a high magnitude or orienting to facilitate conditioning. The results were taken as evidence that individual differences in the magnitude of the orienting response reflect different individual needs in stimulus information processing time.

Auditory Perception↗