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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Effects of social disincentive policies on fertility behavior in Singapore.

Five social disincentive policies were implemented by the Singapore government in 1973 to augment its fertility reduction program. The policies involve increasing delivery charges in government hospitals, school admission priority for children, maternity leave, priority in allocation of government housing, and income tax relief. In a two-year prospective study, 1,010 married abortees (study group) and 943 married parturients (comparison group) were questioned to determine their awareness and understanding of these policies, and whether the policies influenced their decision concerning their present pregnancies or would influence future decisions. Except for the tax policy, these disincentives were known to a fairly large proportion of the women studied. Knowledge was positively related to education level. Four of the five disincentives have, to varying degrees, influenced the women's decisions concerning their present pregnancies and may do so in future pregnancies. The two most widely known and most influential disincentives are those affecting school admission priority and accouchement fees.

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Incentives and disincentives in the Indian family welfare program.

The Indian family welfare program has offered financial incentives since the early 1960s to both family planning motivators and acceptors of sterilization and the IUD. This article reviews the available evidence regarding the impact of incentives on the quality and quantity of family planning services in India. Administrative concerns related to the implementation of incentive programs are discussed, and the current debate on disincentives, as well as the brief period when disincentives were used, is summarized. The studies reviewed, though few in number and varying in quality and methodology, indicate that incentives to acceptors help to increase the level of contraceptive acceptance, especially when they are part of a well designed strategy of service delivery and client motivation. Incentives do not appear to have an adverse effect on quality of services and acceptors, and they do not seem to influence method choice. Disincentives, if they are used, should not impinge on fundamental individual rights of either the parents or the child.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Minimizing disincentives for collaborative research.

While collaborative research partnerships offer a number of advantages, the disincentives to collaboration which are present in the academic environment can be daunting and can result in failure unless they are explicitly and proactively addressed. Based on successful models of collaboration and a review of the literature, four disincentives to collaboration-increased requirements for time and communication, lack of clarity regarding leadership, need to share resources and revenue, and the problem of partners who do not fulfill their commitments-are discussed and strategies to minimize these disincentives are presented.

Cooperative Behavior↗
PubMed1996

Technology transfer: incentives and disincentives.

Universities and dental schools are increasingly emphasizing the importance of transferring technology based upon faculty research into marketable products. One area of current interest to dentistry involves the utilization of recombinant DNA and protein purification technologies to produce therapeutics based upon the biologic activity of the proteins. This work builds upon the discovery and characterization of several families of protein capable of inducing potent biological responses both in vitro and in vivo. It is motivated by the need to provide patients with additional alternatives for the prevention, diagnosis, arrest or repair of a number of oral conditions or their sequela such as periodontitis, caries, and neoplasia. This article addresses some incentives and disincentives extant within academic institutions encountered during the development of a therapeutic agent for the regeneration of the periodontium. Incentives include professional rewards associated with the development of new therapeutics and disincentives include conflicts between traditional measures of academic achievement and the nature of the work associated with the development of such products. Some ideas for the resolution of disincentives are presented.

DNA, Recombinant↗
PubMed1995

The economic advancement of the mentally ill in the community: 2. Economic choices and disincentives.

In order to evaluate the extent to which economic factors influence the life choices of people with mental illness, we interviewed 50 mentally ill people living in Boulder, Colorado. Subjects experience significant financial disincentives to work. The average total cash and noncash income of part-time employed subjects ($1,028 a month) is only modestly higher than that of unemployed subjects ($929 a month). Most clients calculate that $5 is the minimum hourly wage which makes work economically practical. Work disincentives could be improved by a more appropriately graduated scheme for reducing disability benefits for beginning workers. A wage subsidy would provide a work incentive to underproductive clients. Psychiatric treatment costs for unemployed subjects in this sample are twice those for the part-time employed. We suggest that research is needed to determine if treatment costs can be reduced by paying clients a wage subsidy.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Incentives and disincentives for schizophrenia research careers.

A meeting was convened to discuss schizophrenia research career incentives and disincentives. A diverse group of scientists from different fields and in different career stages discussed the causes of and potential solutions to schizophrenia research manpower problems. The scientific and clinical, individual and institutional factors involved were identified and numerous disincentives to careers in schizophrenia research were noted. A number of possible incentives were also suggested and debated. There was general agreement on the following issues: attracting and maintaining a larger group of young investigators is crucial; multidisciplinary studies combining clinical and basic science approaches should be strongly encouraged; and mechanisms for increasing funding and stimulating interest in schizophrenia research careers should be studied by the National Institute of Mental Health. Specific recommendations are now being assessed to determine how best to respond to the schizophrenia research manpower needs that were identified at the meeting.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic radiologic research: the disincentives to its propagation.

I have attempted to identify the general factors acting as impediments to diagnostic radiology research, which I have termed "external disincentives," and the more specific factors which adversely affect diagnostic radiology, termed "internal disincentives," and to present some existing recommendations for correcting them. Obviously, much work needs to be done. The real purpose of this article will have been served if it helps to point out the seriousness and complexity of the problems affecting the continuation and growth of research within diagnostic radiology.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Exercise training program for older adults. Incentives and disincentives for participation.

The purpose of this study was to describe the incentives and disincentives for participating in an exercise training program for community-dwelling individuals 78 and older. One hundred forty-seven women and 62 men participated in this descriptive study, and ages ranged from 78 to 95 years (mean 82.7 +/- 4.1). Individuals were interviewed by phone about their decision to participate in an exercise program. Qualitative responses were analyzed using content analysis. Three main incentive themes emerged: Health Benefits, Psychological Benefits, and Positive Program Features. Disincentive themes included Competing Commitments, Doubts about Exercise, and Negative Program Features. To better tailor an exercise program to the needs of this older age group, nurses working with older adults should keep in mind the lifestyle, age-specific obligations, and set of values affecting this cohort's participation.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Reimbursement policies, incentives and disincentives to perform laparoscopic surgery in Israel.

The introduction of laparoscopic surgery was believed to bestow great advantages to patients and health services. Health services and societal costs may also be affected by changes in length of hospital stay, operating room costs and return to normal activity. The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of two different reimbursement methods (per diem and DRG) on the incentives and disincentives given to different role players in the Israeli health-care system regarding two common surgical procedures: appendectomy and inguinal hernia repair. Three different perspectives are discussed: society, the hospitals and the sick funds. From the hospital's perspective, laparoscopic surgery is usually more expensive compared to open procedures, mainly due to higher operating room costs. We suggest that as far as current reimbursement methods are preserved, hospitals have no economic incentive to adopt the laparoscopic technology as benefits occur only to society. In general, sick funds would encourage hospitals to perform laparoscopic appendectomy, where the payment is per diem and would be economically indifferent regarding laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair, where hospitals are compensated on a DRG basis. It has been suggested that economic advantages to society may arise from a faster return to work after laparoscopic appendectomy and laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. In this case, new payment arrangements should be set to give proper incentives for the adoption of laparoscopic procedures.

Appendectomy↗
PubMed1990

Physician reported incentives and disincentives for referring patients to hospice.

Previous research has affirmed the key role of the physician in the decision to use hospice. Yet at least 1/4 of the physicians who have the opportunity to discuss hospice with a terminally ill patient never do so, and those that do so are selective. The present study used a qualitative approach to investigate the factors considered by the physician when deciding to discuss hospice with a patient. Participants were 17 practicing physicians who had referred patients to the one certified hospice in the geographic area of the study. Data were gathered by means of semi-structured interviews, which were audiotaped and transcribed for thematic analysis. The final categorization of data divided themes along two dimensions: a content dimension and a second dimension called incentives and disincentives. It is proposed that the physician's proactive stance toward disclosure of the terminal diagnosis and perception of hospice as an opportunity for death with dignity create a culture within which the work that is necessary to make the other factors favorable toward use of hospice is accomplished.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: financial disincentives by the Health Care Financing Administration.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is a minimally invasive alternative to open radical nephrectomy. We have noticed that since the beginning of 2001, when the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code 50545 became available for laparoscopic nephrectomy, the reimbursement for the laparoscopic operation was significantly lowered. This led us to survey 25 laparoscopic urologic surgeons to assess trends in reimbursement from all over the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During this period, the records of reimbursements for radical nephrectomy were available from a single practice to compare that for the open and laparoscopic techniques. The 19 open and 10 laparoscopic operations were entered in a database for statistical analysis. Endourologists around the country also were polled on the subject. RESULTS: The average reimbursement for an open radical nephrectomy was $1581 +/- 325 (SD), while the average reimbursement for a laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was $1192 +/- 184. Twenty-five polled endourologists had noted similar reductions in reimbursement for laparoscopic procedures. Many of those polled had participated in the Specialty Society Relative Value Unit (RVU) survey for laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and stated that their recommendations were that the value be considered greater than that of the open counterpart. CONCLUSION: The highly significant difference in reimbursement reflects a financial disincentive to surgeons performing laparoscopic procedures. It is obvious that in the U.S., the Health Care Financing Administration (now the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services) is devaluating all surgical procedures, and financial pressures of this type are disturbing.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMed1991

Rewarding overproductivity: an incentive or disincentive for staff?

A rapidly growing home care agency implemented a productivity system designed to reward its staff for "overproductive" visits rather than rely on temporary staff. While the system was positively received, it actually became more of a disincentive than a motivator.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1992

Income allowance policies of state Medicaid agencies as work incentives or disincentives for ICF/MR residents.

Results of a survey of six Midwestern states demonstrated that although some state Medicaid agencies have had work incentive policies for ICF/MR residents for some time, others continue to utilize policies that are a disincentive to work. Policy changes toward employment incentives in state Medicaid agencies should improve work opportunities for workers with mental retardation at little expense to the government.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Incentives and disincentives to participate in prophylactic HIV vaccine research.

An anonymous cross-sectional paper-and-pencil survey was used to assess incentives and disincentives to participate in a Phase I preventive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trial in a potential Thai target population. A total of 255 persons employed in health care service and research settings completed questionnaires after attending informational briefings regarding the proposed vaccine product and the planned trial procedures. Willingness to participate was related to self-perceived benefits from joining a preventive vaccine trial, as well as to concerns about product safety and social discrimination that might result from participation. The distinction between positive results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from vaccine administration and positivity from HIV infection was unclear for many participants. Men were more willing to participate than women, and there was a trend toward greater willingness to participate in those who were less educated. Preparations for preventive vaccine trials may be more successful if they emphasize personal benefits of trial participation, clearly address safety issues, and consider ways to prevent social discrimination against participants.

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMed1993

The development of contraceptive technology. Case studies of incentives and disincentives to innovation.

This paper examines the characteristics of the process of innovation as applied to a range of contraceptive technologies. Whereas the understanding of how and why innovation works or does not work has grown in the past few decades in such professional fields as electronics, aviation, and optics, only the first attempts are currently under way in medicine. Borrowing from other fields, this paper proposes a theoretical underpinning to the process of innovation as it would apply to the development of medical technology. Subsequently, it documents this process with regard to contraceptive technology (oral contraceptives, injectables, intrauterine devices, implants, and surgical contraception), providing a framework of first-, second-, and third-generation definitions of development. A number of observations about the importance of certain supply- and demand-side determinants of the direction and rate of medical innovation conclude the essay.

Animals↗