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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Comparison of different extraction methods: steam distillation, simultaneous distillation and extraction and headspace co-distillation, used for the analysis of the volatile components in aged flue-cured tobacco leaves.

Steam distillation (SD), simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) and headspace co-distillation (HCD) were compared here for their effectiveness in the extraction of volatile compounds from tobacco. The different grades of aged flue-cured tobacco leaves extracted by the three methods respectively were analyzed using GC-MS. Mass spectra or authentic compounds were used to identify around 408 components in various volatile fractions. On the one hand, the qualitative comparison showed that more compounds were detected in HCD extract (391 components) than in SDE extract (377 components), and the approximately quantitative analysis showed that the total amount of volatile components in SDE extract (445.48 microg/g) was much more than that in HCD extract (315.72 microg/g). But on the other hand, HCD was the most efficient for nearly all the highly volatile compounds among the three methods. As to low-volatile compounds such as lactones, long chain aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and esters, more was detected in SDE extract than in HCD extract. The SD method (322 components, total amount 228.42 microg/g) was the lowest sensitive to all compounds except semi-volatile fatty acids among the three methods.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed1994

Wet corn distillers byproducts compared with dried corn distillers grains with solubles as a source of protein and energy for ruminants.

Five trials investigated the feeding value of wet and dried corn distillers byproducts as a source of protein and energy for growing and finishing cattle and investigated the effect of heat damage on the feeding value of dried distillers byproducts. In a calf growth trial, no differences in rate of gain or protein efficiency were observed among calves fed wet distillers byproducts (wet distillers grains + thin stillage; WDB) or one of three composites of dried distillers grain + solubles (DDGS) having a low, medium, or high concentration of ADIN. A finishing trial compared the energy value of dry-rolled corn (DRC) with WDB or the three DDGS composites, fed at 40% of the diet DM replacing DRC. Cattle consuming WDB or DDGS gained faster (P < .05) and more efficiently (P < .05) than cattle fed DRC. Although gains were similar, cattle fed WDB consumed less feed (P < .10) and were more efficient (P < .10) than cattle fed DDGS. Level of ADIN in DDGS did not affect efficiency of gain (P > .10). In a lamb finishing trial, the addition of 5 or 10% ethanol did not affect (P > .10) daily gain, DMI, or feed efficiency. In two metabolism trials with steers, grain byproducts (wet distillers grains, dry distillers grains plus solubles, wet corn gluten feed, dry corn gluten feed, hominy feed) and DRC had similar effects on ruminal pH and total VFA. Feeding thin stillage or condensed solubles reduced (P < .10) ruminal pH and tended to reduce acetate:propionate. Wet corn distillers byproducts, fed at 40% of the diet DM, contain more NEg than did DRC and drying WDB reduces its NEg content. Acid detergent insoluble N is a poor indicator of protein and energy value in distillers grains.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

[His Majesty's distillers: distillation and chemical medicine in the court of Phillip II].

The present work studies the appearance and development of Paracelsian Practices in the Spanish Court through a linked series of events that took place between 1564 and 1602. These were: the creation of Philippine distillation laboratories, the ordenance of the protophysician Francisco de Valles regarding distilled waters; the concession of a patent to Diego de Santiago for the invention of a steam distillery; the publication of the last treatise by Francisco de Valles, dedicated to weights, measures, and distilled waters; the appearance of a distiller on the founding staff of the Royal Apothecary, in charge of preparing all the distilled waters and chemical medicines; and the creation of a new post within the Court health organigram, that of Distiller Major.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assisted distillation cleanup of pesticide residues in animal fats: new beadless distillation tube.

A new assisted distillation tube has been developed which contains no glass beads or glass wool. The sample is injected into the top of the tube, and a septum is not required. Large ground-glass joints (10/19) are used at the gas inlet and at the Florisil trap connection for maximum strength. Existing assisted distillation apparatus was easily modified to accept the new tubes. Recoveries of 9 organochlorine pesticides from butter and cattle fat ranged from 87 to 104% at a tube temperature of 230 degrees C and a nitrogen flow rate of 250 mL/min. No significant change occurred in recoveries of 8 of the 9 pesticides after 85 uses of the beadless tube. Only the recovery of HCB from butter decreased, from 95 to 80%, after 51 runs. The new tube was compared with the Unitrex glass bead-packed concentric tube at flow rates of 230, 400, and 600 mL nitrogen/min. Recoveries from the Unitrex tube were similar to those of the beadless tube for all pesticides except DDT which was significantly lower, indicating incomplete distillation at 250 mL/min and possible partial breakdown at 400 and 600 mL/min. A procedure is introduced for pressurized solvent washing of distillation tubes. This procedure is more efficient than vacuum washing.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Characterisation of middle-distillates by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC): A powerful alternative for performing various standard analysis of middle-distillates.

The detailed characterisation of middle distillates is essential for a better understanding of reactions involved in refining process. Owing to higher resolution power and enhanced sensitivity, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) is a powerful tool for improving characterisation of petroleum samples. The aim of this paper is to compare GC x GC and various ASTM methods -- gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS) -- for group type separation and detailed hydrocarbon analysis. Best features of GC x GC are demonstrated and compared to these techniques in terms of cost, time consumption and accuracy. In particular, a new approach of simulated distillation (SimDis-GC x GC) is proposed: compared to the standard method ASTM D2887 it gives unequal information for better understanding of conversion process.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2006

Nonlinear control of a multicomponent distillation process coupled with a binary distillation model as an EKF predictor.

The work is devoted to design the globally linearizing control (GLC) strategy for a multicomponent distillation process. The control system is comprised with a nonlinear transformer, a nonlinear closed-loop state estimator [extended Kalman filter (EKF)], and a linear external controller [conventional proportional integral (PI) controller]. The model of a binary distillation column has been used as a state predictor to avoid huge design complexity of the EKF estimator. The binary components are the light key and the heavy key of the multicomponent system. The proposed GLC-EKF (GLC in conjunction with EKF) control algorithm has been compared with the GLC-ROOLE [GLC coupled with reduced-order open-loop estimator (ROOLE)] and the dual-loop PI controller based on set point tracking and disturbance rejection performance. Despite huge process/predictor mismatch, the superiority of the GLC-EKF has been inspected over the GLC-ROOLE control structure.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Antitumor activity of rice-shochu post-distillation slurry and vinegar produced from the post-distillation slurry via oral administration in a mouse model.

Shochu is a Japanese spirit that is mainly produced in the Kyushu region. Rice-shochu post-distillation slurry (i.e. RSDS) is eluted during the conventional rice-shochu production process. Since RSDS contains several functional components, we have produced vinegar from RSDS. This study reports the antitumor activity of RSDS and the vinegar via oral administration in a mouse model. Freeze-dried RSDS (0.1 - 1.5%) or vinegar (0.3 - 1.5%) was mixed into a chemically defined diet. The tumor size and life span of tumor-bearing mice that were fed the diet were investigated for 72 d. The RSDS- (> 0.3%) or vinegar- (> 0.5%) fed mice had significantly smaller sized tumors than the control group (p < 0.01). We also found that those mice had prolonged life spans. Oral administration of RSDS or vinegar also prolonged the life spans of mice that were implanted with Colon 38 cells. These results indicated that dietary RSDS and vinegar suppressed tumor growth. Moreover, we found that NK cytotoxic activity against K562 cells was stimulated by RSDS and vinegar.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of corn and sorghum distillers byproducts.

Two trials were conducted to determine the feeding value of sorghum distillers byproducts. Trial 1, a finishing trial, used 160 yearling steers (327 kg). Treatments consisted of dry-rolled corn (DRC) control, sorghum wet distillers grains (SWDG), sorghum wet distillers grains plus solubles (SWDGS), and sorghum dried distillers grain plus solubles (SDDGS). Distillers byproducts were fed at 40% of the diet DM. Cattle fed diets containing SWDG, SWDGS, or DRC were similar in efficiency of gain (P > .10); cattle fed SDDGS were less efficient (P < .10) than all other treatments. Sorghum wet distillers grains, SWDGS, and SDDGS contained 96, 102, and 80% relative NEg of corn, respectively. In Trial 2, 16 crossbred lambs (55 kg) were used to determine the digestibility of sorghum and corn distillers byproducts. Byproducts were fed at 80% of the diet DM and treatments consisted of corn wet distillers grains (CWDG), corn dried distillers grains plus solubles (CDDGS), SWDG, and SDDGS. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was not different among treatments (P > .10). Corn wet distillers grains were higher in true nitrogen (P < .001), apparent nitrogen (P < .01), and organic matter digestibility (P < .05) than SWDG. Wet distillers byproducts were higher (P < .01) in apparent organic matter and nitrogen digestibility than dried distillers byproducts. Digestibility of distillers byproducts and subsequent energy values are influenced by type of grain used in the fermentation process and drying of the finished byproduct.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Fractionation of milk fat by short-path distillation.

Fractionation of milk fat by short-path distillation changes the chemical composition and physical properties of the resulting fractions. Increases in distillation temperature from 125 to 250 degrees C increased distillate yield from 0.3 to 42.7% (wt/wt). The distillate was enriched in short- and medium-chain fatty acids and low molecular weight acylglycerols, while the retentate was enriched in long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids as well as high molecular weight acylglyerols. As distillation temperature increased, dropping points of the distillate increased. Relative to native milk fat, the solid fat content (SFC) vs. temperature melting profile of the distillate was depressed and that of the retentate was augmented, which correlated with the saturated long-chain fatty acid content in the fractions. Retentate crystallization parameters obtained by fitting the Avrami model to SFC-time data, did not change as a function of distillation temperature, but varied as a function of the degree of undercooling. Changes in microstructure observed by polarized light microscopy also appeared to be solely a function of the degree of undercooling, with no observable differences between retentates obtained at the different distillation temperatures. In addition, no changes in the retentate's free energy of nucleation (deltaGc) as a function of distillation temperature were found. The compressive storage modulus of the crystallized retentate increased as a function of increasing distillation temperature.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A new technological approach proposed for distillate production using immobilized cells.

A new technological approach to distillate production using immobilized cells was investigated. The effect of temperature on the main volatile by-products in distillates was determined. Wines produced by delignified cellulose-, gluten- and kissiris-supported biocatalysis were used as starting materials. The produced distillates were analyzed for ethanol, methanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, propanol-1, isobutanol and amyl alcohol content. The results showed that distillates from delignified cellulosic material (DCM) at 16 degrees C contained smaller amounts of amyl alcohols, 57% of that produced by gluten and 32% of that produced by kissiris. The ethyl acetate content of distillates from DCM improved the aroma of distillates. These results agree with those of sensory evaluation. Subsequently, the scale-up for low-temperature distillate production at 16 degrees C using DCM was further investigated. A new version of an industrial multi-stage fixed bed tower (MFBT) bioreactor with a capacity of 11,000 l proved to be suitable for continuous fermentation by DCM-supported biocatalysis. Economic analysis showed a reduction in the cost of almost 30% for distillate production and 78% for wine production.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Pretreatment of animal wastes containing radioisotopes with dry-distillation.

Mice that had been radiolabeled with one of seven isotopes by intraperitoneal or subcutaneous administration were dry-distilled at 800 degrees C for 10 min, and the fate of the radionuclide was examined. The radionuclides administered were 3H, 14C, 32P, 35S, 45Ca, 51Cr, and 125I, all of which are commonly used in animal experiments. After dry-distillation, 95% of 3H was found in the distillate (condensate), and 80% and 16% of 14C were recovered from exhaust gas and residual solids, respectively. Only between 10 and 20% of 35S was found in distillate. The remainder of the residual 35S was recovered from the inner wall of the exhaust vent of the dry-distillation equipment. About 24% of 125I was also recovered from the inner wall of this same exhaust vent, and the residual radioactive materials were recovered from the residual solids. On the other hand, 32P, 45Ca, and 51Cr were recovered entirely from the residual solids. The weight of the animals decreased to about 10%, and the volume to about 20% (mice and rats) to 40% (rabbits) after dry-distillation. The residual solids of animal wastes generated by dry-distillation were odorless and chemically and biologically stable. Dry-distillation has many merits as a pretreatment for the disposal of animal wastes containing radioactive material because of the easy handling, storage, and transportation of the residual solids.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Filler leachability of composites stored in distilled water or artificial saliva.

Though dental composite materials leach filler elements when stored in distilled water, it is not known whether similar leaching occurs in saliva. The hypothesis to be tested was that due to ion exchange occurring at the filler surfaces, more filler elements leach from composites stored in a salt solution simulating saliva than from composites stored in distilled water. Another aim was to determine how matrix selection, filler composition, and filler silanization affect filler leachability of composites after storage in the simulated saliva and water media. We made 128 batches of experimental composites. Half of these used a bis-GMA/TEGDMA matrix and the other a UEDMA/TEGDMA matrix. Either silica or barium glass filler particles were incorporated into these matrices. Filler silanization was followed by a filler drying at 60 degrees C for 24 h. Half of the silanized particles received an additional heat treatment for 1 h at 110 degrees C in vacuum. One specimen per batch was stored in distilled water and the other in artificial saliva at 37 degrees C. After each 30-day interval for one year, the specimens were transferred to either freshly distilled water or newly mixed artificial saliva. The "old" solutions were analyzed by ICP for determination of the Si, Ba, and Al concentrations. Analysis of variance revealed that storage solution, filler composition, and total time in the storage solution had strong effects on the leachability (p < 0.0001 in all cases). The average monthly leakage of Si for quartz-filled composites was 0.22 +/- 0.20 microgram/mL (distilled water) and 2.80 +/- 1.20 microgram/mL (artificial saliva). For barium-glass-filled composites, the corresponding Si leaching values were 0.73 +/- 0.48 microgram/mL and 5.00 +/- 2.20 microgram/mL. The monthly means of the barium leaching values were 2.00 +/- 1.00 microgram/mL (distilled water) and 3.10 +/- 1.80 microgram/mL (artificial saliva). The large difference between leaching in artificial saliva and in distilled water, as well as the interaction between storage medium and filler, cast doubt on the clinical relevance of in vitro studies using distilled water.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1989

Barley distillers grains as a protein supplement for dairy cows.

Dried distillers grains produced from a mix of 65% barley and 35% corn were evaluated in digestion and lactation experiments. Dried barley distillers grains had 56% NDF, 29% CP, 3% amino acid N, 2.5% NDIN (55% of total N), and 1.8% ADIN (39% of total N). Wet barley distillers grains had 38% NDF, 27% CP, 2.7% amino acid N, .5% NDIN (12% of total N), and .8% ADIN (19% of total N). Digestibility of DM and N was similar among lactating dairy cows fed diets containing approximately 25% corn silage DM, 15% alfalfa silage DM, 15% alfalfa hay DM, plus varying amounts of a corn-barley concentrate mix and supplemental CP from soybean meal, barley distillers grains, or from 1:1 mixture of soybean meal and barley distillers grains. Digestibility of ADIN, NDF, and ADF increased with increasing amounts of barley distillers grains in the diet. Similar diets were fed to 60 Holstein cows for 84 d in a lactation experiment. Source of supplemental protein did not affect milk production (22.5 kg/d), FCM (20.4 kg/d), milk fat percent (3.6%), or DM intake (19.0 kg/d). Milk protein percent was decreased by feeding barley distillers grains. It was concluded that barley distillers grains were an acceptable protein source for dairy cows and that ADIN and NDF might not be appropriate measures of the nutritional value of this product.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1995

Effects of variable sources of distillers dried grains plus solubles on milk yield and composition.

This study compared diets supplemented with distillers dried grains plus solubles originating from whiskey distilling with those from fuel alcohol production or soybean meal. Forty-eight cows in mid and early lactation were offered a different dietary treatment in each of three 28-d periods. Dietary design included three supplements at 14 or 18% CP of dietary DM, with or without blood meal. Additionally, a third, darker, fuel ethanol source was added at 14 and 18% CP without blood meal during period 3 to incorporate greater variation in quality of distillers grains. No detectable differences occurred in DMI or in any variables because of blood meal. Milk yield was higher when cows were fed diets at 18% rather than at 14% CP. Cows fed the two lighter distillers grains diets yielded .8 kg/d more milk than cows fed soybean meal diets, and cows fed whiskey distillers grains yielded 1.3 kg/d more SCM than cows fed diets with darkest distillers grains. Milk protein percentage was depressed when the darkest distillers grains were fed. Distillers dried grains plus solubles can provide an excellent substitute for soybean meal and corn in dairy cow diets.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Gas chromatographic characterization of vegetable oil deodorization distillate.

Because of its complex nature, the analysis of deodorizer distillate is a challenging problem. Deodorizer distillate obtained from the deodorization process of vegetable oils consists of many components including free fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, squalene and neutral oil. A gas chromatographic method for the analysis of deodorizer distillate without saponification of the sample is described. After a concise sample preparation including derivatization and silylation, distillate samples were injected on column at 60 degrees C followed by a gradual increase of the oven temperature towards 340 degrees C. The temperature profile of the oven was optimized in order to obtain a baseline separation of the different distillate components including free fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, squalene and neutral oil. Good recoveries for delta-tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol, stigmasterol and cholesteryl palmitate of 97, 94.4, 95.6 and 92%, respectively were obtained. Repeatability of the described gas chromatographic method was evaluated by analyzing five replicates of a soybean distillate. Tocopherols and sterols had low relative standard deviations ranging between 1.67 and 2.25%. Squalene, mono- and diacylglycerides had higher relative standard deviations ranging between 3.33 and 4.12%. Several industrial deodorizer distillates obtained from chemical and physical refining of corn, canola, sunflower and soybean have been analyzed for their composition.

Chromatography, Gas↗