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Studies of erythrocyte membrane loss produced by amphipathic drugs and in vitro storage.

Four amphipathic drugs, primaquine, propranolol, chlorpromazine and tetracaine, were used to cause endocytosis in glucose-depleted red cells, and the relative reduction of membrane surfaces was measured by the toluidine blue (TB) method. The TB measurements correlated well with the observed electron microscopic alterations. In vitro blood storage studies indicated loss of cell membrane during storage correlated with decreasing uptake of TB by the red cells. Regeneration of cellular ATP with adenosine did not always restore TB uptake by the cells. Loss of red blood cell membrane either by exocytosis or endocytosis may occur during normal in vivo or in vitro ageing, and may be increased in pathological states or by the action of drugs.

Adenosine Triphosphate

Pharmaceutic factors affecting pediatric compliance.

Evaluation of treatment given at home was studied in children with otitis media who were seen in an outpatient clinic. Full compliance was present in only 5% of the initial 100 patients (Study A). Practical factors limiting their compliance included inadequate dispensing of medication at drug stores, 15%; incorrect therapy schedule, 36%; early termination, 37%; spilled medicine, 7%; therapy shared, 5%. Because of these findings, a plan was implemented (Study B) in which hospital pharmacy personnel gave patient families verbal and written instructions for administering medications that were dispensed, together with a calibrated measuring device and a calendar to record doses taken. Full compliance was raised to 51% in this pilot group (of 33 patients) as compared with 8.5% in 20 concurrent controls who went to neighborhood drug stores. The importance of detailed therapy instructions is stressed. The potential role of the pharmacist in improving compliance is demonstrated.

Ampicillin

The doctor's bag.

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Drug Storage

Public attitude toward pesticides. A random survey of pesticide use in Allegheny County, Pa.

Pesticide use was examined by means of a random survey in Allegheny County, Pa., in October and November 1973. The objectives included gaining insight into the need for a new community pesticide program and estimating its public acceptance. The 110 survey sites were grouped as single-family dwellings, commercial and recreational lawns, institutions, farms, rights-of-way, and wasteland. In the single-family dwellings, most householders (85 percent) used a pesticide in the previous 12 months, usually an aerosol insecticide (76 percent) or herbicide (55 percent). Their pesticide selections were most often based on advertisements of availabel products. A high percentage lacked either the interest or the knowledge of the information on the pesticide's label. No observation in this or any other study supports the need for a new special program in pesticides or indicates that a substantial segment of the public would use its services. The main users of "hard" pesticides were the golf courses, rights-of-way, and one farm-nursery. The rights-of-way used chemicals only for vegetation control. Utilities and railroads contracted with pesticide companies for this work. Municipal users applied pesticides recommended by dealers. The golf courses and a farm-nursery used a broad range of fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides, which they selected because of information received from the Pennsylvania Extension Service and professional organizations.

Aerosols