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Thirty young drug users were matched for age and sex with thirty young orthopaedic outpatients. All completed an Osgood Semantic Differential. Results suggested that drug users see Drug Laws and Present Attitudes to Drug Use as bad. In the user group a poor perception of self is combined with concepts of ideal self which appear unattainable.
In the middle 1960s hundreds of thousands of young people dramatically left American mainstream society to join the hippie movement. Almost ten years after the height of the hippie phenomenon, there has been little longitudinal investigation of the predictions by social scientists that these young people would be lost from future mainstream involvement. In the late 1960s, through a study of young drug users in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco, my colleagues and I began to assess the degree of movement taken by hippie drug users toward mainstream society. This research focused on the differential outcome of three groups of young drug users, approximately two and a half years after they were initially studied.
Wickerhamomyces anomalus is a yeast rarely involved in human invasive fungal diseases (IFD). We retrospectively analyzed 44 episodes of W. anomalus IFD in France during 2012-2024. Injecting drug use (IDU) was the main risk factor among 26/35 (74.3%) incident cases. Most infections were community acquired; overall 3-month mortality rate was 1/30 (3.3%). Short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping and whole-genome sequencing analyses revealed substantial genetic diversity among isolates. However, 1 STR genotype was shared by 2 IDU patients, suggesting common exposure. In addition, 1 isolate obtained from a cotton filter used for drug preparation was identical by STR genotyping to the bloodstream isolate from the same patient, indicating direct inoculation via contaminated material or poor injection practices. Our findings highlight the increased risk for W. anomalus IFD among IDU patients and emphasize the importance of targeted preventive measures within that population.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was administered to 66 non-narcotic drug abusers as part of an intensive study of polydrug abuse. Patients were classified into four primary drug-of-abuse groups using either stimulants, barbiturates, other sedative-hypnotics, or a combination of these drugs. It was readministered to 42 of these patients after 2 weeks' hospitalization. At admission, the group's MMPI profile was consistent with psychosis. At discharge, most of the MMPI T-scores were sharply reduced, and the groups' profile was consistent with sociopathy. The admission MMPI profiles of the four primary drug-of-abuse groups did not differ. At discharge, the stimulant group's profile remained psychotic, while the profiles of the other three groups were not psychotic. Such results raise the possibility of a toxic psychotic effect of chronic non-narcotic drug abuse. The group of stimulant abusers appeared schizophrenic, while the other groups of non-narcotic drug abusers appeared sociopathic.
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All 750 undergraduate students of the Medical College, Patiala, during the academic year 1976--1977 were covered in this survey. Seven out of ten students were found to have used some drug in the past. The lifetime prevalence being 82.4% among boys and 29.6% among girls. A majority of the students (78.6%) were poly-drug users, the commonest drugs used being alcohol (58%), tranquillizers (47%), and tobacco (36%). However, the prevalence of daily use was low, it being highest for cigarette smoking, by 9.4% of students, while less than 2% reported daily use of alcohol. The only other drugs used on a daily basis were stimulants (0.9%), tranquillizers (0.6%), and sedatives (0.3%). Of the opium users 81.8%, and over 60% of alcohol and tobacco users, had started taking these drugs during high school or the pre-medical year. On the other hand a majority of the students using tranquillizers (75%) and stimulants (66%) began using these drugs after entering the Medical College. The percentage of drug users increases by approximately 10% during each year of their medical studies.
A drug usage study of students from a predominately Mexican-American population was conducted by comparing anonymously self-reported attitudinal and behavioral aspects of Mexican-American drug users and nonusers. Findings suggest M-A drug users and nonusers differ significantly in attitudes toward drug use and social behaviors, and users tend to be multiple drug users.
Is drug dependence more likely to establish itself in persons whose personality structure is already characterized by a psychological dependence which can be looked at from two aspects: cognitive field dependence and emotional dependence? Three groups of 21 subjects each, multiple drug users, users of cannabis and non-users, are studied with the expectation that the first group is more psychologically dependent than the second one, the latter being in turn more dependent than the group of non-users. The situation is not so simple. Hard-drug users appear to be more active than users of cannabis, whereas non-users are even more dynamic individuals. However, in such a study the duration of consumption exercise an important influence because, in this regard, different personality profiles of the two drug-using groups come into play, the users of cannabis presenting a more incoherent picture. The multiple drug addict selected from his natural environment seems to acquire, through his prolonged consumption, a greater perceptual independence and emotional maturity owing to the clandestine nature of his habit, and a more acute and articulate general way of functioning in order to avoid mishaps.
Thirty-nine male and female adult Jewish and Arab street drug users from Jerusalem, currently in treatment, were interviewed to explore various factors associated with their own initiation into drug use and their initiation of others. These factors included the source and context of initial drug use, first drug used, physical and psychological drug reactions, and the types of gains derived from turning others on. The most significant findings from this ministudy are that the majority of drug users did not initiate anyone else into drug use, and that those who did reported a variety of nonmonetary gains.
The paper present the results of a study on the underlying sociocultural factors which distinguish "former users" of drugs from "current users" among the college youth. Belonging to a similar social milieu, the two sets showed little difference in many respects. There were, however, features on which the two differed. Those who gave up drug use were mostly from the middle or lower strata of society, and had tolerant but drug abstaining family members. They were mostly junior students pursing "professional courses", and had fewer drug-using friends. Also they did not view drugs with favour. Giving up drug use had been mainly their personal decision, perhaps prompted by the influence of their family members and peer-group and by their own experience with drugs. Thus the former users have been found to differ noticeably from the current users.
Young adult Native American students at a postsecondary educational institute showed a very high level of use of all drugs when compared with other samples of college age youth. Alcohol, marijuana, and amphetamines were drugs of choice: 31% had tried inhalants although there was little present use; 10% were involved in a drug subculture, using multiple drugs relatively heavily. The authors' interpretation of these findings is either the institution attracts drug users or young Native Americans from relatively isolated environments have higher susceptibility to drugs when they enter an urban (nonreservation) culture.
Administered measures of assertion, social assertion, aggression, and social anxiety to a heroin-addicted population, psychotic outpatients, court-referred drug users and a college student group (N = 114). The addicts and court-referred drug patients were less assertive, less socially assertive, and more socially anxious than non-addict populations. Furthermore, the heroin and psychiatric outpatient groups had a very high correlation between their assertion and aggression scores, which was not found in the college student or court-referred, drug-using group.
On the basis of epidemiological and psychometric studies we have persued the question how social deviation and drug-consumption could cohere. According to our research the danger of a social deviation (drop out) is the greater the earlier the juveniles begin to take drugs, the more deranged are their original surroundings and the further advanced towards polytoxicomania is their drug abuse. The frequency of drug-consumption corresponds with the number of personal (especially interpersonal) conflicts. In an examination of 4082 20-year-old Swiss men (recruits) 80.2% of the drug-users admitted to have personal difficulties compared to 48.1% of those who take no drgus. 61.2% of the drug-consumers complained about psychic and somatic ailments compared to 33.8% of the drug-abstainers. Youngest and single children consumed drugs significantly more often than elder and eldest brothers and sisters (p less than 0.01). Socio- and psychodynamic backgrounds of the social deviation of drug-consumers are discussed.
Skin conductance responses (SCRs), heart rate (HR), and respiration were recorded in various rest, cold pressor (CP), and CP recovery phases in 20 former drug users (DG) and 20 control Ss (CG), matched on sex and age in a repeated measures design. With regard to the abused drugs (barbiturates and narcotic analgesics), the hypothesis was tested that autonomic responses are decreased after long-term use of barbiturates and narcotic analgesics. The results partially supported that hypothesis: (a) SCRs, HR change, and HR deceleration were significantly lower in DG compared to control Ss; (b) HR baseline, respiration rate, and amplitude, however, tended to be increased in DG in the rest and CP phases. A second hypothesis, addressed to different habituation rates of SCRs and HR in both groups, was confirmed for SCRs and partly for HR, indicating that the habituation rates of SCRs, HR change, and HR deceleration were greater in DG than in CG. A third question concerned the consistency of SCR and HR results in both sessions. A trend for consistent results was found as the direction of the group differences was the same in sessions 1 and 2. The CP results were compared with similar findings in the same Ss during visual and auditory stimulation.
Drug usage in two agricultural shires, Kondinin and Kulin, was surveyed by questionnaire. Both prescription and over the counter (OTC) drugs were recorded together with age, sex, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and body weight, and 1284 people, or 55.8% of the eligible population over six years of age, participated. Approximately 35%, 53% and 12% of people said they were taking no drugs, one to two drugs and three or more drugs respectively, a result very similar to that found in an earlier urban study (Traralgon). The interaction of all five factors on drug consumption was studied jointly by multivariate analysis; FEV1, SBP and weight were normalised using standard tables. Prescription drug usage was directly related to obesity, respiratory impairment and sex (P less than 0.01) but not to age or SBP. People taking either OTC drugs or none at all differed only in sex, with females taking more than males (P less than 0.01). There were no differences in the factors studied between prescription only and prescription plus OTC drug users.
Pathogen genomic sequence data are increasingly made available for epidemiological monitoring. A main interest is to identify and assess the potential of infectious disease outbreaks. While popular methods to analyze sequence data often involve phylogenetic tree inference, they are vulnerable to errors from recombination and impose a high computational cost, making it difficult to obtain real-time results when the number of sequences is in or above the thousands. Here, we propose an alternative strategy to outbreak detection using genomic data based on deep learning methods developed for image classification. The key idea is to use a pairwise genetic distance matrix calculated from viral sequences as an image, and develop convolutional neutral network (CNN) models to classify areas of the images that show signatures of active outbreak, leading to identification of subsets of sequences taken from an active outbreak. We showed that our method is efficient in finding HIV-1 outbreaks with R0 ≥ 2.5, and overall a specificity exceeding 98% and sensitivity better than 92%. We validated our approach using data from HIV-1 CRF01 in Europe, containing both endemic sequences and a well-known dual outbreak in intravenous drug users. Our model accurately identified known outbreak sequences in the background of slower spreading HIV. Importantly, we detected both outbreaks early on, before they were over, implying that had this method been applied in real-time as data became available, one would have been able to intervene and possibly prevent the extent of these outbreaks. This approach is scalable to processing hundreds of thousands of sequences, making it useful for current and future real-time epidemiological investigations, including public health monitoring using large databases and especially for rapid outbreak identification.