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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Drug therapy reviews: drug therapy of status epilepticus.

Drug treatment of status epilepticus is reviewed. Tonic-clonic, focal motor, complex partial and absence status epilepticus are discussed. In managing tonic-clonic status epilepticus one should: (1) maintain vital functions at all times, (2) identify and treat precipitating factors and (3) administer an intravenous loading dose of phenytoin sodium or phenobarbital sodium. Careful use of i.v. diazepam sometimes helps to achieve these objectives. Intravenous phenytoin sodium and phenobarbital sodium provide definitive, long-term control of tonic-clonic seizures but must be administered slowly and require time to reach peak brain concentrations. Intravenous diazepam appears to enter and exit from the brain rapidly and may control seizures while therapeutic brain concentrations of long-acting drugs are being achieved. Phenytoin, phenobarbital and diazepam should not be administered intramuscularly in treating status epilepticus. Treatment of focal motor and complex partial status epilepticus is similar to that of tonic-clonic status epilepticus, but i.v. diazepam is required less frequently and loading doses of phenytoin and phenobarbital sometimes can be given more slowly. Status epilepticus of the absence type is managed with i.v. acetazolamide sodium or diazepam. Paraldehyde, muscle relaxants, general anesthesia and lidocaine may be tried when conventional therapies fail.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1979

Can postmarketing surveillance help to effect optimal drug therapy?

Postmarketing drug surveillance (PMS) assesses the epidemiology of drug use and monitors beneficial or harmful effects of drugs following marketing. If used systematically, PMS can substantially improve drug therapy in the United States. This can be accomplished by generating information on drug use and effects otherwise unavailable, by enabling a more efficient drug approval process, and by educating drug prescribers. However, to be successful, any PMS system will need a good deal of input from such prescribers.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Therapy resisting pains. Drug therapy of cancer pain].

A pain may seem to resist all kinds of therapy without necessarily being absolutely refractory to treatment. The factors are discussed which may contribute to the "refractoriness" of a pain to therapy in the area of pain due to carcinoma, i.e. lack of understanding of modern pain concepts, inability to diagnose pain as due to conversion, failure to recognize the influence of the affects anxiety, hopelessness etc. on pain intensity, administration of analgesics in situations where another form of therapy would be indicated, e.g. plexus blockade, and insufficient knowledge of the effects, side effects, dosage and timing of the administration of mild analgesics, neuroleptics, antidepressives and narcotics.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1978

Liver injury and multiple drug therapy.

Analysis of the drugs used at the time of hepatic injury was carried out in a group of patients consecutively admitted to medical wards during a 10 years period (1965-1975). One drug was the possible cause in 26% of the patients and 74% of them were treated with multiple drug therapy. The most common drugs associated with liver damage have been sulphonamides, oral contraceptives, nitrofurantoin, methyldopa and phenothiazine derivatives.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Recent advances in drug therapy for epilepsy.

Recent advances in drug therapy for epilepsy have contributed to the reduction in the proportion of persons whose epilepsy is uncontrolled. New knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin has led to a better understanding of the drug's bioavailability and uses. Carbamazepine has recently been introduced for the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures. Clonazepam has been found of particular benefit in the treatment of absence and myoclonic seizures. Valproic acid is a promising antiepileptic drug with broad-spectrum activity, and is particularly useful in the treatment of absence and myoclonic seizures, although further clinical experience is required before it can supplant ethosuximide as the preferred drug for the treatment of absence seizures. Monitoring of the plasma concentration of antiepileptic drugs has added greatly to the achievement of optimal drug therapy and the prevention of toxic effects.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed1975

Combination drug therapy in psychopharmacology.

The frequency with which a psychotropic agent is used in combination with another drug preparation is emphasized. The authors present an update of the clinical and theoretical knowledge bearing on combination drug therapy in psychopharmacology. Drug combination interactions that enhance clinical efficacy and those that either diminish it or even endanger the patient are described. The authors hope to create an awareness on the part of physicians of the importance of being knowledgeable in the area of combination drug therapy. Any unexpected or unusual drug action should be examined for the possibility of a drug combination interaction.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed1979

Using pharmacokinetics in drug therapy. V: Contributions to developing dosage regimens for antihypertensive drugs.

Pharmacokinetic methods that have been used to improve antihypertensive drug therapy, including antihypertensive dosage regimens, are reviewed. Pharmacokinetic variables have been determined that allow: (1) derivation of the loading dose necessary to achieve rapid control of blood pressure with propranolol hydrochloride, guanethidine, minoxidil and clonidine hydrochloride; (2) reduced frequency of dosing with methyldopa, hydralazine hydrochloride, prazosin hydrochloride, propranolol and clonidine; and (3) alteration of propranolol and hydralazine dosage based on physiologic factors (e.g., renal and hepatic impairment, binding to plasma proteins, altered enzyme activity). More rapid control of hypertension is possible, patient compliance is enhanced and drug toxicity is reduced by applying pharmacokinetic principles to develop individualized antihypertensive dosage regimens.

Antihypertensive Agents↗
PubMed1978

Drug therapy reviews: clinical pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs.

The absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion and clinical pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs are reviewed. Six guidelines for the therapeutic use of these drugs are given: (1) when therapy with an antiepileptic drug is initiated or when dosage is raised or lowered, the new steady-state drug serum concentration and the full effect of the dosage change will not occur for five elimination half-lives; (2) a loading dose is usually necessary to immediately achieve a steady-state serum drug concentration equal to the usual maintenance steady-state serum drug concentration; (3) the choice of dosage intervals for antiepileptic drugs is determined in part by the range of fluctuation in drug concentration between doses that is acceptable; (4) addition of a drug to an existing antiepileptic regimen may raise or lower the serum concentration of prior drugs by inhibition or induction of their metabolism; (5) if possible, make only one change at a time in an antiepileptic drug regimen; and (6) antiepileptic drugs should not be given by the i.m. route in emergency situations.

Absorption↗
PubMed1979

Series on pharmacology in practice. 2. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy.

The selection of appropriate antiarrhythmic drug therapy depends on a knowledge of the drugs available, their spectrum of action, their pharmacokinetics, and their major side effects. It is important to know how the pharmacokinetics of a drug vary with different disease states so that appropriate adjustments to dosage can be made. Drugs with similar actions can be assigned into groups, and five different groups can be identified. The commonly used antiarrhythmic drugs are reviewed, and some of the newer drugs are discussed.

Anti-Arrhythmia Agents↗
PubMed1977

[Various aspects of individualization of drug therapy of extrasystole].

The clinical experience of drug therapy of 673 patients with extrasystole of different genesis has demonstrated that the nature of the underlying pathology and the topical characteristics of the extrasystole produce a comparatively moderate effect upon the antiarrhythmic action of Novocainamide, Chinidine, Obsidan, Isoptine, Bellataminal. Of certain importance in this context is the determination of the degree of prematurity of the extrasystole, their stability, as well as the periodic structure of the sinus rhythm as shown by the rhythmogram.

Administration, Oral↗