Animal model of human disease. Bacillary dysentery, shigellosis, Shigella dysentery. Animal model: Monkey shigellosis or dysentery.
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Animals↗
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[Conditions and factors determining the etiological structure of dysentery and its changes. Report 1. Epidemiological theory of etiological selectivity of the main (primary) pathways of infection and their differences in various nosological forms of dysentery].
The authors present the elaborated and formed epidemiological theory ("conformity theory") according to which the etiological structure of dysentery is determined by the etiological selectivity of the main (primary) waves of transmission of the infection differing in various nosological forms of dysentery. In Grigoriev-Shiga dysentery the domestic way of the spread of infection plays the main role, in Flexner and Newcastle dysentery--the water way, and in Sonne dysentery--the food way (particularly through the milk). Evolution of the etiological structure of dysentery serves as the reflection of evolution of the principal ways of transmission. The complex of prophylactic and antiepidemic measures in individual noslogical forms of dysentery should be differentiated and be directed in epidemiological sense to the neutralization of the corresponding main (primary) way of transmission of the infection.
Dysentery, Bacillary↗
Prevention of swine dysentery with a combination of lincomycin and spectinomycin and resistance of swine dysentery to tylosin and sodium arsanilate.
The addition of a combination of lincomycin and spectinomycin to feed at the total concentrations of 44 and 77 mg/kg, beginning at the time of exposure and continuing for 8 weeks, prevented experimentally induced swine dysentery in swine. The disease did not develop after the medication was withdrawn. In contrast, swine dysentery, similar to that seen in the nonmedicated swine, did develop in simultaneously exposed swine treated with feed containing either 44 mg of tylosin or 99 mg sodium arsanilate/kg. The swine fed sodium arsanilate and which developed hemorrhagic diarrhea had a more severe form of this type of diarrhea than did the nonmedicated swine. After reexposure to inefective inoculum of swine dysentery 86 days after initial exposure, all remaining swine previously medicated with either tylosin or sodium arsanilate and all nonmedicated swine were immune; whereas 17 of the 24 swine fed the combination of lincomycin and spectinomycin were susceptible to swine dysentery and developed diarrhea.
Aniline Compounds↗
Immune processes in the course of infection with dysentery bacilli. III. Protective activity of spleen cells and serum from mice immunized with killed dysentery bacilli.
Killed dysentery bacilli induce immunity in mice which can be transferred to other mice with serum. Spleen cells do not transfer this immunity, in contrast to spleen cells from mice immunized with live dysentery bacilli. The results of this and previous studies 5,17 suggest that immunity in mice infected with dysentery bacilli depends on two coexisting effector mechanisms--cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Live bacilli induce both, however killed bacilli stimulated humoral immunity and protect mice equally effectively against lethal infection with dysentery bacilli.
Animals↗
[Antibody levels in patients with bacillary dysentery and carriers. III. IgG, IgM and IgA antibody responses in sonnei dysentery].
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Antibodies, Bacterial↗
[Pathology and pathogenesis of coli dysentery and coli diarrhea in suckling piglets. 1. Studies on the pathomorphology of the gastrointestinal tract in coli dysentery as well as coli diarrhea in the suckling piglet].
The following findings were obtained from histomorphological examination of 45 piglets with coli-bacillosis (with serotypical Escherichia coli detected) and ten piglets with coli-diarrhoea (with non-serotypical E. coli detected): Diarrhoea accompanying either disease was not attributable to catarrhal or haemorrhagic gastro-enteritis. The mucous membrane of the gastro-insestinal tract remained histomorphologically intact in either disease. No change was recorded particularly from villous or surface epithelia and glandular epithelium, and the villous structure was not basically altered. Different degrees of hyper aemia of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane and moderate oedematisation of the villous stroma were irregular findings. Adhesion of enteropathogenic E. coli to mucous membrane surface was observed but rarely and did not exhibit any visible relationship with the incidence in E. coli of L-antigen K88. In coli-bacillosis and coli-diarrhoea both the diarrhoea and morphological situation of the gastro-bacillosis tract were in conformity with the cholera-type "intestinal noninflammatory secretory diarrhoea" as caused by enterotoxins. Other issues relating to pathology and diagnosis are also discussed.
Animals↗
[Response of blood lymphocytes to dysenterin in acute dysentery patients and in those who have sustained acute dysentery].
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Acute Disease↗
[Epidemiology of dysentery in Dagestan].
Analysis of material on bacterial dysentery and other acute intestinal infections morbidity in the Dagestan ASSR for a period of 15 years showed high morbidity level and its variations, with reduction and elevation in individual years, and the leading role played by Shigella flexneri among the causative agents of dysentery. The greatest incidence of dysentery was revealed among children aged under one year and between 1 and 2 years. A high bacterial dysentery incidence was recorded in Dagestan throughout the whole year. However analysis of the seasonal dysentery curve showed the beginning of elevation in July, reaching the maximum in August, and lasting four months with a decline beginning in October. The persisting activity of the water route of dysentery transmission in the Dagestan ASSR requires particular attention to the organization of good-quality water-supply to the population of the republic.
Adolescent↗
Studies on the pathogenesis of swine dysentery. I. Characterization of the lesions in colons and colonic segments inoculated with pure cultures or colonic content containing Treponema hyodysenteriae.
Swine dysentery was induced in pigs and in ligated colonic segments by inoculation of pure cultures of, or colonic contents containing, Treponema hyodysenteriae. The mildest changes, best seen in ligated segments 48 or 72 hours after inoculation, were congestion and leucocytic margination in mucosal capillaries and depletion of mucigen from goblet cells lining the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn. Superficial mucosal necrosis and crypt cell hyperplasia were later changes. Perfusion studies with India ink did not demonstrate occlusive mucosal ischemia in acute swine dysentery. Mucosa with lesions of swine dysentery contained at least 10(5) colony forming units of T. hyodysenteriae per gram. Mucosa without lesions had 10(5) or fewer T. hyodysenteriae per gram. Segments with acute swine dysentery were distended with clear mucoid fluid with electrolyte composition indicative of net colonic secretion. No increase in the concentration of volatile fatty acids was detected in content from intact colons or colonic segments with lesions of acute swine dysentery.
Animals↗
[Seeding efficiency of the causative agent of dysentery as an index of the intensity of the epidemiologic process].
A study was made of the character and extent of interrelationship between the indices of dysentery morbidity and the indices of the seeding efficiency of dysentery bacilli persons who did not apply for medical aid. Establishment of such interrelationship permitted the authors to suggest the use of a more objective index of the seeding efficiency of dysentery bacilli, along with morbidity indices, for the assessment of the intensity of the epidemic process in this infection. On the basis of investigations carried out the authors came to the conclusion that a tendency to the increase of dysentery incidence the last few years chiefly bore a "statistical" character and was due to the improved detection of patients and carriers.
Dysentery, Bacillary↗
[Quantitative characteristics of the immunocompetent cells of the large-intestinal mucosa in acute dysentery].
Histological and immuno-morphological examinations of the large intestine mucosa obtained by aspirational biopsy from 38 adult patients with acute dysentery in the mild, moderately severe and severe forms and from 4 normal subjects were carried out. In each case, a per cent ratio of immunocompetent cells in deep and superficial parts of the mucous membrane proper, the content of interepithelial lymphocytes, the cell density of infiltrate per 1 mm2 of the mucous membrane, the number of cells producing IgA, IgM, and IgG per 1 mm2 of the mucous membrane were determined. As the severity of clinical and morphological manifestations of dysentery increased, the number of cells actively producing immunoglobulins was found to increase and epithelium infiltration with lymphocyte to be enhanced. The main role in the development of local immune response in dysentery is played by IgA-producing cells, and in the moderately severe and severe forms of dysentery the number of IgM-producing cells increases.
Adult↗
[Experience with the diagnosis of dysentery in adults by determining antibodies to Shigella in the saliva].
Concentration of immunoglobulins and titres of antibodies to Sh. sonnei, Sh. flexneri and enteropathogenic E. coli 0111 was determined in mixed saliva and the blood serum of patients suffering from Sonne dysentery, acute intestinal diseases of unknown etiology, and healthy individuals. The sum total immunoglobulin concentration in mixed saliva proved to be 53--81 times less than in the blood serum, but in the first substrate there was 53--75, and in the second--15% of immunoglobulin A. There proved to be distinct changes in the specific IgA-antibodies in the saliva of patients with Sonne dysentery. A preponderant accumulation of IgG-antibodies was noted in the blood serum. Elevation of both types of antibodies was maximal during the second week of the disease. Sonne dysentery was diagnosed in 80% of the patients by recording the intensity of shifts in the specific antibodies in the saliva, and in 63%--in the blood. The expediency of immunological testing of saliva for the diagnosis of dysentery is substantiated.
Adult↗
[Immunoglobulin and antibody content in the blood serum, coprofiltrate and saliva of patients with Sonne dysentery].
The authors studied the immunoglobulin and specific antibodies content of various classes in the serum, coprofiltrates and the saliva of 68 patients suffering from Sonne dysentery and in 48 healthy adult persons. Mancini's test demonstrated a significant elevation of IgG and IgM content in the blood of dysentery patients in comparison with that in healthy persons, and the absence of any changes in the IgA content. The titres of specific IgG-, IgA- and IgM-antibodies in determination in the modified Coombs' test increased consideerably during dysentery infection and were found in high titres during the first week of the disease; they reached the maximum during the second week and persisted at this level for 3 weeks. The greatest antibody elevation was in the IgA-class. Antibodies revealed in the coprofiltrates and the saliva of dysentery patients belonged to IgA- and IgG-class. There proved to be a correlation of the antibody changes in these two secretions.
Adult↗
[Cellular immunity factors in dysentery].
Cellular immune response was studied in 89 adult patients suffering from various clinical forms of acute dysentery, with the use of the lymphocyte blast-cell transformation reaction under the action of a specific antigen (dysenterin) and a nonspecific mitogen (phitohemagglutinin). Functional value of T-lymphocytes proved to be retained in patients with acute dysentery; there was also lymphocyte stimulation by a specific antigen in patients with moderately severe and severe forms of dysentery during the first week of the disease. Specificity of blast-cell transformation of sensitized lymphocytes under the action of dysenterin was shown. Patients with a high percentage of the lymphocyte blast forms displayed a more rapid positive progress of the main clinical indices at the height of the disease than analogous patients with a low blast percentage in the blood. The expediency of using the blast-cell transformation reaction for differential diagnosis and prognosis of moderately severe and severe forms of acute dysentery is discussed.
Acute Disease↗
[Data to substantiate the early immunological diagnosis of dysentery].
The interaction of the whole blood from patients with dysentery and gastrointestinal diseases of non-dysenteric etiology, with the causative agents of dysentery, Sh. sonnei and Sh. flexneri, and saprophytic, staphylococci labeled with radioactive isotopes was studied in vitro. In dysentery an increase in the capacity of the blood for Shigella fixation was observed from the beginning of the disease. During the 1st week of the disease this reaction was strictly specific and accompanied by a decrease in the fixation of staphylococci, but later the reaction became relatively specific. An increase in Shigella fixation occurred considerably earlier than immune antibody formation, as revealed by the indirect hemagglutination test. This research substantiates the possibility of an earlier immunological diagnosis of dysentery as compared with the serological methods.
Acute Disease↗
[Seasonal problems of bacterial dysentery in the Dagestan ASSR].
During the period of 1959-1973 bacterial dysentery showed high morbidity rate in Daghestan in all seasons, this tendency existing both in urban and rural areas. The peculiarity of the monthly distribution of dysentery cases, observed all over the repulic, was the shift of the morbidity peak from August to September-October, and in some years even to November; this could be clearly observed from the analysis of the material as a whole and from the analysis of dysentery morbidity rates in rural and urban areas separately. This rise in dysentery morbidity rate in August--September might be due to the reassembling of children at various institutions after their mass return from summer resorts in the country, as well as to thhe influx of new children to crèches and kindergartens. Moreover, as the period of August--September is the bathing and fruit-harvesting season in Daghestan, a rise in morbidity rate in these months was obviously caused by the unsatisfactory level of sanitation and hygiene due to an acute deficiency of water.
Acute Disease↗
Swine dysentery: inoculation of gnotobiotic pigs with Treponema hyodysenteriae and Vibrio coli and a Peptostreptococcus.
Pure cultures of Treponema hyodysenteriae given orally to conventional pigs resulted in the development of swine dysentery, whereas identical cultures given to gnotobiotic pigs did not produce the disease. Oral inoculation of gnotobiotic pigs with Vibrio coli and/or a peptostreptococcus in addition to T. hyodysenteriae did not result in dysentery. Neutralization of gastric secretions with NaHCO3 immediately prior to inoculation with T. hyodysenteriae increased the period during which treponemes were evident in the feces, as did the inoculation of this organism via the intracecal route. None of the gnotobiotic pigs with a persistent fecal Treponema population developed signs of dysentery. Factors other than those investigated in this work must play a part in the etiology of swine dysentery.
Animals↗
[Occurrence of the cathode-bound group antigen of the dysentery bacilli in Escherichieae types of intermediate character (author's transl)].
Protoplasmatic antigens of 28 strains of 27 Escherichieae types not accepted as Shigellae have been examined for the occurrence of a cathode-bound group antigen (KGA). From the tested cultures of non-dysentery-provoking types E. coli O28 E1073(z) TAYLOR, E. coli O32, E. coli O115 (27w), Alkalescens-Dispar O1, A.-D. O1 var. Koji, A.-D. O2, A.-D. O3, A.-D. O4, A.-D. O5, A.-D. O6, A.-D. O7, and the intermediate serotypes H62 and 6275-52 no one possessed KGA, and likewise one of the two examined E. coli O136 cultures proved to be KGA-negative. In contrast, KGA was found in the dysentery types 147, 792, 185, Sh. guanabara, E. coli O124, E. coli O136 (one strain), E. coli O143, E. coli O144, and E. coli O152, in the Shigella-like serotypes 2044-54 and 1831, in the E. coli serotypes O112a,b:K68 and RUCHMAN, which have been suspected to provoke dysentery but are showing the biochemical behavior of typical E. coli, finally in Alkalescens-Dispar O8, which is known to be apathogenic for mucous membranes. After, all, KGA seems to be a constituent of all dysentery bacilli, but might be absent in individual cultures. On the other hand, KGA exceptionally seems to be found also in Escherichieae types not enteropathogenic for men.
Antigens, Bacterial↗