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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

Anticholinergic properties of antipsychotic drugs and their relation to extrapyramidal side-effects.

The effects of haloperidol, alone and in combination with atropine, were compared with the effects of clozapine, alone and in combination with physostigmine, in a variety of tests commonly used to characterize neuroleptic compounds. It was found that clozapine in combination with physostigmine did not present the profile of activity of a classical neuroleptic agent; neither did haloperidol in combination with atropine present that of clozapine. In fact, some effects of haloperidol (catalepsy) were antagonized by atropine, while others (induction of striatal DA-receptor hypersensitivity) were enhanced. It is concluded that the interaction between dopaminergic and cholinergic systems in the striatum is highly complex, and that a neuroleptic possessing both potent DA-receptor blocking and muscarinic anticholinergic activity, while being less likely to cause parkinsonism in patients, would be more likely to induce tardive dyskinesias.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Levodopa-induced dyskinesia is still a major clinical problem in Brazilian movement disorder clinics.

Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) remains a significant motor complication in Parkinson's disease (PD), although opinions differ on its clinical relevance.To explore the current prevalence and impact of LID, we analyzed two cohorts from the Latin American Research Consortium on the Genetics of Parkinson's Disease from movement disorder clinics in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, recruited 10 years apart.The cohorts included 187 individuals diagnosed with PD in phase 1 (2007-2014) and 224 in phase 2 (2021-2022). The presence and functional impact of LID were measured using part IV (items 4.1 and 4.2 respectively) of the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS).The analysis revealed that LID frequency increased from 34.7 in phase 1 to 54.9% in phase 2 (more recent), with functional impact rising from 25.1 to 38.8%.The findings suggest that LID remains a relevant clinical issue in clinics specialized in movement disorders in Brazil, with no reduction in prevalence throughout the last decade. Further studies from other regions and less specialized neurology centers may help understand this motor complication in Brazil and in other developing countries.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

Extrapyramidal effects of neuroleptics.

A study was conducted on 66 psychiatric inpatients who took major tranquilizers for periods of four to 16 years. The frequency of signs of Parkinsonism and the effects of orphenadrine on these were studied in a double-blind crossover method. Sixty-one per cent of the patients showed signs of Parkinsonism. Female patients and those with organic brain pathology more frequently exhibited Parkinsonism (although the difference was not statistically significant). No correlation was found between duration of treatment and extrapyramidal effects. Of the 40 patients who developed Parkinsonism, 25 responded favourably to orphenadrine, while six (15%) had more marked manifestations on orphenadrine than on placebo.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Catatonialike symptomatology and withdrawal dyskinesias.

The authors describes a patient who presented catatonialike symptoms and dyskinesias associated with glutethimide discontinuance and antihistamine use. He hypothesizes that altered dopamine metabolism may produce some of the unusual neuropsychiatric characteristics of glutethimide withdrawal. Drug-withdrawal catatonia may be an additional entity in the differential diagnosis of catatonialike states of organic etiology.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Tardive dyskinesia: are first signs reversible?

Although tardive dyskinesia, a serious and sometimes irreversible side effect of antipsychotic drug use, is becoming increasingly common, there is still considerable confusion concerning the course of the syndrome. The authors observed 12 psychiatric patients with tardive dyskinesia from the inception of the syndrome. They found that first symptoms rarely persisted if antipsychotics were discontinued and concluded that the length of time symptoms have persisted prior to drug discontinuation, not age at onset, may be the major variable determining reversibility of the syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Paradoxical response to dopamine agonists in tardive dyskinesia.

The authors conducted an extensive pharmacological analysis of a patient severely affected by tardive dyskinesia. No drug treatment gave lasting clinical improvement. Several agents recently recommended for this condition, dimethyl aminoethanol, clozapine, and thioridazine, failed to modify the dyskinesia. Reserpine caused a worsening of the symptoms. A paradoxical and unexpected improvement was observed with apomorphine injections and with low-dosage oral L-dopa. These two drugs may have acted by stimulating presynaptic inhibitory dopamine receptors.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1976

Unwanted effects of long-term medication in schizophrenia and depression.

Medicine is an experimental science which proceeds by trial and error, and with pharmacotherapy doctors must continually review the drugs at their disposal for both effectiveness and adverse effects. These adverse effects must be assessed not only in relation to the therapeutic effect, but also, of course, in relation to the severity of the patient's illness and the likely prognosis in the absence of treatment. In this review I will select one or two side effects in each of the major group of drugs for consideration.

Aggression↗
PubMed1976

Tardive dyskinesia and depressive illness.

Tardive dyskinesia has been regarded as a long-term complication of neuroleptic administration to patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. However, nine of the first fourteen patients evaluated for an investigation of tardive dyskinesia met diagnostic criteria for depression. Neuroleptics produce blockade of post-synaptic dopaminergic receptors. Tardive dyskinesia occurs when neuroleptics are discontinued, and is regarded as a manifestation of super-sensitive post-synaptic dopaminergic receptors. Tardive dyskinesia occurs when neuroleptics are discontinued, and is regarded as a manifestation of super-sensitive post-synaptic dopaminergic receptors. Chronically decreased neurotransmission in the synapse of a patient with depression may contribute to the development of a super-sensitive receptor and could explain the high proportion of patients with depression seen in this sample of patients with tardive dyskinesia.

Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic↗
PubMed1976

[Neuroleptanalgesia as the anesthesia in pediatric surgery].

In work carried out over a period of two years in the department of anesthetics and intensive care of the Saint-Etienne University Hospital, the authors report their experience of neuroleptanalgesia using droperidol-dextromoramide in children in 104 cases. The observations may be divided up into 2 groups: - 1 group of children below the age of 2 years; - 1 group of children from 2 to 10 years. This study showed the side-effects and complications common to both groups, in particular, the extrapyramidal syndrome. Furthermore, the authors present their technique of administration.

Anesthesia↗