Controlled potential electrolysis. III. Controlled potential electrolysis of omega-nitrostyrene.
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Electrolysis↗
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[Studies on controlled potential electrolysis. II. Electrolysis of mercury in disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate solution].
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Edetic Acid↗
[Studies on controlled potential electrolysis. III. Electrolysis of silver amalgams in disodium ethylenediaminetetra-acetate solution].
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Coloring Agents↗
Evaluation of disinfective potential of reactivated free chlorine in pooled tap water by electrolysis.
Tap water is one of the causative factors of hospital infections. We examined the disinfective potential of electrolysis and mechanism of disinfection, and clarified the disinfective effect of electrolysis on tap water contaminated with bacteria, and discussed its clinical applications. Tap waters artificially contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Legionella pneumophila, and Staphylococcus aureus could be sterilized by electrolysis at 20-30 mA for 5 min. A high-density suspension (10(6) CFU/ml) of a spore forming bacterium, Bacillus subtilis was not completely sterilized by electrolysis at 50 mA up to 30 min, but a low-density suspension (10(5) CFU/ml) was totally sterilized by electrolysis at 50 mA for 5 min. Electrolyzed P. aeruginosa changed morphologically, that is, there was bleb formation on the cell wall and irregular aggregation of cytoplasmic small granules. Moreover, cytoplasmic enzyme, nitrate reductase, was inactivated by the electrolysis. On the other hand, genomic DNA of the electrolyzed bacteria was not degenerated, therefore, their DNA polymerase activity was not completely inactivated. Consequently, the major agent in electrolysis for bactericidal action was considered to be free chlorine, and the possible bactericidal mechanism was by destruction of bacterial membranes, followed by the aggregation of peripheral cytoplasmic proteins. Electrolysis of tap water for both disinfecting contaminating bacteria and increasing the disinfectant capacity was considered effective with some limitations, particularly against high-density contamination by spore-forming bacteria. In clinical settings, electrolysis of tap water is considered effective to disinfect water for hand washing in operation theatres, and bathing water for immunocompromised hosts.
Bacillus subtilis↗
Demonstration of the production of oxygen-centered free radicals during electrolysis using E.S.R. spin-trapping techniques: effects on cardiac function in the isolated rat heart.
The present study was designed to identify the free radicals generated during the electrolysis of the solution used to perfuse isolated rat heart Langendorff preparations. The high reactivity and very short half-life of oxygen free radicals make their detection and identification difficult. A diamagnetic organic molecule (spin trap) can be used to react with a specific radical to produce a more stable secondary radical or "spin adduct" detected by electron spin resonance (ESR). Isovolumic left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) and left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were measured by a fluid-filled latex balloon inserted into the left ventricle. The coronary flow was measured by effluent collection. Electrolysis was performed with constant currents of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3, 5, 7.5, and 10 mA generated by a Grass stimulator and applied to the perfusion solution for 1 min. A group of experiments was done using a 1.5 mA current and a Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution containing free radical scavengers (superoxide dismutase (SOD): 100 IU/ml or mannitol: 50 mM). Heart function rapidly declined in hearts perfused with K-H buffer that had been electrolyzed for 1 min. The addition of mannitol (50 mM) to the perfusion solution had no effect on baseline cardiac function before electrolysis while SOD (100 IU/ml) increased the coronary flow. However, SOD was more effective than the mannitol in protecting the heart against decreased of cardiac function, 5 min after the end of electrolysis. Samples of the K-H medium subjected to electrolysis were collected in cuvettes containing a final concentration of 125 mM 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) and analyzed by spectroscopy. The ESR spectrum consisted of a quartet signal (hyperfine couplings aN = aH = 14.9 G) originating from the hydroxyl adduct signal, DMPO-OH. The intensity of the DMPO-OH signal remained stable during the 60 s of electrolysis and the quantity of free radicals induced by electrolysis was directly proportional to the intensity of the current. The addition of mannitol and SOD to the perfusate scavenged the hydroxyl radicals present in the solution, suggesting that both hydroxyl and superoxide radicals were formed during electrolysis.
Animals↗
Augmenting the ablative effect of liver electrolysis: using two electrodes and the pringle maneuver.
Several methods of liver tumor ablation have been investigated, and these include the novel technique of electrolysis. Electrolysis is slower than other forms of ablative therapy. This study determined methods of increasing the ablative effect of electrolysis. Domestic white pigs were divided. One group received electrolysis using two electrode catheters, and in the other group a concurrent intermittent Pringle maneuver was performed to induce intermittent ischemia. The effect of two electrode catheters versus a single electrode catheter was compared, and the effect of the Pringle maneuver versus no Pringle was examined with two electrode catheters. The livers were harvested, and the volume of each lesion was calculated. There was a linear relationship between the volume of hepatic necrosis and the electrolytic dose in (p <.005) in both the single-electrode-catheter and two-electrode-catheter groups. Comparison between the single- and multiple-electrode groups showed a highly significant difference in the dose response (p <.0000002) when more than one electrode was used. Use of the Pringle maneuver during electrolysis produced larger volumes of hepatic necrosis over all doses when using two electrode catheters. Rates of necrosis were 3.8 cm(3)/100 C for a single electrode catheter, 5.46 cm(3)/100 C for two electrode catheters without Pringle, and 6.17 cm(3)/100 C for electrolysis with two electrode catheters coupled with intermittent Pringle maneuver. Thus, electrolysis was both reliable and predictable in producing hepatic necrosis in a dose-dependent manner. The time delay in achieving tumor ablation via electrolysis can be overcome by using two electrodes combined with the Pringle maneuver to increase the volume of the lesion produced.
Animals↗
Medical and technical issues in office electrolysis and thermolysis.
BACKGROUND: Most university medical centers do not directly offer electrolysis or thermolysis services to hirsute patients. Little research activity has been focused on these procedures. The successful introduction of a clinical and research electrolysis service into the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) dermatology clinic is described. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this communication is to familiarize clinicians with an electrolysis service in a university clinic setting. New advances in permanent hair removal equipment and methods are reviewed. METHODS: A description of the UTMB electrolysis clinic is given. RESULTS: Electrolysis services offered by the UTMB dermatology department have been well received by patients, clinical staff, UTMB faculty, UTMB resident physicians, and private physicians. CONCLUSION: This successful medical model for electrolysis services may provide other university dermatology clinics with background information for the development of their own programs. Future research advances in electrolysis and the management of hirsutism may result from this activity.
Academic Medical Centers↗
Electrolysis: observations from 13 years and 140,000 hours of experience.
Electrolysis has been performed since 1875. Electrolysis satisfactorily removes hair from women with static hair growth, but women with hirsutism often require concomitant management of their hormonal problems. We have found the blend method to be the most effective modality for permanent hair removal. Attention must be given to proper electrolysis technique, including accurate needle insertion and appropriate intensities and duration. Scarring does not occur with properly performed electrolysis. Hair is not an electrical conductor and electronic tweezers do not result in permanent hair removal. Shaving 1 to 5 days before electrolysis greatly increases efficacy because it ensures that only growing anagen hairs are epilated. The recent availability of EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) has been beneficial in reducing the sensations of electrolysis. The availability of prepackaged, presterilized, individual electrolysis needles has greatly reduced the need for more complicated sterilization procedures.
Diathermy↗
Electrolysis for the treatment of hypertrichosis and hirsutism.
There are three electrolysis modalities. In galvanic electrolysis, a direct current is passed down a needle inserted into the hair follicle, destroying the follicle. In thermolysis a high frequency alternating current is passed down the needle and produces destructive heat. The blend is the third modality, which combines galvanic electrolysis and thermololysis. Electrolysis satisfactorily removes hair from women and men with hypertrichosis, but women with hirsutism require concomitant hormonal management. Scarring does not occur with properly performed electrolysis. Shaving one to five days before electrolysis greatly increases efficacy because it ensures that only growing anagen hairs are epilated. The judicious use of ice packs and the recent availability of EMLA (lidocaine/prilocaine cream) have been beneficial in reducing the sensations of electrolysis.
Journal Article↗
Electrolysis for corneal opacities in a young patient with superficial variant of granular corneal dystrophy (Reis-Bücklers corneal dystrophy).
PURPOSE: To report the efficacy of electrolysis as a treatment of corneal opacities in a young patient with the superficial variant of granular corneal dystrophy. DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHODS: An 11-year-old boy presented with subepithelial opacities in both eyes. His visual acuity was 0.2 in the left eye; he received corneal electrolysis under topical anesthesia. RESULTS: The electrolysis, which required only 5 minutes, resulted in the disappearance of the subepithelial opacities. His visual acuity improved to 0.4 on the next day and was 1.0 eight months later. The corneal curvature and thickness were not altered by the electrolysis. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal electrolysis proved to be an effective treatment for subepithelial opacities, and we recommend electrolysis as an effective and simple treatment for young patients with SGCD.
Child↗
Optimum conditions for Al13 polymer formation in PACl preparation by electrolysis process.
This paper introduces a new and effective method for preparation of PACl-electrolysis process. A series of PACl with high content of Al13 polymer was successfully prepared by electrolysis process. The amount of Al13 polymer formed in electrolysis process was found to be highly influenced by current density (di), the distance between the electrodes, electrolysis time and the stirring rate of the electrolyte. For the AlT (total aluminum concentration) of 2.0 M PACl obtained by electrolysis process, the optimal di and distance between the electrodes were 1.1 Adm(-2) and 10 mm respectively. The optimum circulating rate was 5.5 l h(-1). Because of the inhomogeneous pH between the surface of cathode and the bulk solution, the electrolysis process has the advantage to form more Al(OH)4- as precursor of Al13 polymer. At the optimum condition, Al13 polymer accounted for above 70% of AlT (PACl of AlT=2.0 M and B=2.0), which was much higher than that of PACl prepared by other method.
Aluminum↗
The use of a "liquid" electrode in hepatic electrolysis.
BACKGROUND: The use of direct current electrolysis as a local nonthermal ablative technique for colorectal liver metastases promises to be a simple, safe, and effective therapy. Under general anesthesia, electrolysis is presently limited to tumors smaller than 5 cm, due to the protracted nature of its administration. In an attempt to enhance the effect of electrolysis, a direct current was passed through a preinjected bolus of acetic acid. METHODS: The effect of a combination of electrolysis and an injection of acetic acid was tested in the liver of eight normal pigs. The volumes of necrosis caused were analyzed. RESULTS: Acetic acid independently produced a volume of necrosis but did not provide a volumetric or rate advantage when used in combination with a direct current. Statistically, the only main effect on the volume of necrosis was a result of electrolysis. CONCLUSION: The use of 50% acetic acid to augment the efficacy of direct current electrolysis cannot be recommended.
Acetic Acid↗
Advanced oxidation effect of ozonation combined with electrolysis.
The advanced oxidation effect of ozonation combined with electrolysis (electrolysis-ozonation) was discussed through the treatment of 4-chlorobenzoic acid (4-CBA) as a hydroxyl radical probe. The mechanism of hydroxyl radical production by electrolysis-ozonation process was also estimated with a mathematical model. The experimental results revealed that the electrolysis-ozonation process had a synergistic effect on the degradation of 4-CBA. The advanced oxidation effect of electrolysis-ozonation was inferred from standard potentials of relevant electrochemical reactions and mathematical model analysis to be mainly attributed to ()O(3)(-) promotion of O(3) at the cathodes. An increase in electric current improved the degradation rate of 4-CBA. However, the pseudo-first order degradation rate constant reached a plateau at high electric current densities, as ()O(3)(-) promotion of O(3) at the cathodes was regulated by O(3) transport process from the bulk to the cathodes in the range exceeding an electric current density of 10 Am(-2). Accordingly, the balance of O(3) transport flux and electric current is important for the efficient operation of the electrolysis-ozonation reactor.
Chlorobenzoates↗
Viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells exposed to low-amperage electrolysis as assessed by staining procedure and ATP content.
Assessment of yeast viability by plate counts, ATP determination and FUN-1 viability staining was performed to study sublethal injury of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells submitted to low-amperage electrolysis. Lethal effects of electrolysis were confirmed by all methods, demonstrated by the decrease in viable counts observed during electrolysis. FUN-1 viability staining and ATP determination appeared to demonstrate higher survivors than plate counts. To study possible recovery of certain yeast cells damaged by electrolysis thus rendering them nonculturable, yeast suspensions were stored in phosphate buffer at 4 and 20 degrees C. Increase in viable counts and ATP content of treated yeast cells was observed during storage at 20 degrees C, whereas viable counts of treated and control yeast cells were shown to decrease during storage at 4 degrees C. The increase in the number of viable cells appeared to be the result of repair of damaged cells rather than regrowth of few cells remaining culturable. The lethal efficacy of electrolysis might be overestimated by plate counts. Further experiments must be done to evaluate the lethal efficacy of electrolysis on microorganisms in real conditions encountered in food products.
Adenosine Triphosphate↗
Dermatologists' attitudes toward independent nonphysician electrolysis practice.
BACKGROUND: Dermatologists' attitudes toward independent electrolysis practice by nonphysicians has historically ranged from the critical to the praiseworthy. It is hypothesized that dermatologists' attitudes toward independent electrolysis practice by nonphysicians is related to physicians' perception of licensing requirements for independent nonphysician electrologists (INE). METHODS: Nine hundred and thirty-seven fellows of the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) residing in the Southern United States were anonymously surveyed about independent electrolysis practice by nonphysicians. The results of the survey were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test. RESULTS: Dermatologists who perceived that licensing was required for INE were significantly more likely to refer patients to INE for hair removal (P = 0.001) and prescribe EMLA cream (lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5%) to patients requesting it for electrolysis performed by INE (P = 0.001). However, those dermatologists who had electrolysis services available in their practice settings (15.1%) were significantly less likely to refer patients to INE (P = 0.001) and to prescribe EMLA cream to patients seeking electrolysis from INE (P = 0.034). Only 5.7% of responding dermatologists supported the use of hair removal lasers by INE. CONCLUSION: Dermatologists' attitudes toward INE generally appear to be positively related to perceived licensure requirements for INE, but these positive attitudes do not extend to independent laser use by nonphysician electrologists for hair removal.
Allied Health Personnel↗
Comparison of alexandrite laser and electrolysis for hair removal.
BACKGROUND: Different techniques have been used for hair removal. Electrolytic epilation is a widely accepted method for this purpose. Recently laser hair removal was introduced. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of long-pulse alexandrite laser hair removal with electrolytic epilation. METHODS: Twenty-four areas of unwanted axillar hair in 12 patients were included in the study. The right axillar area of the patients was treated by electrolysis with an intensity of 4-8 mA, and the left area was treated with long-pulse alexandrite laser with fluences between 30 and 50 J/cm2. Electrolysis was performed four times at 3-week intervals, and laser treatment was performed three times at 4-week intervals. Before each session, the hairs in a 4 cm2 area centered in the axilla were counted. The last evaluation was done 6 months after the initial treatment. The pain, time, and cost of each procedure are compared. RESULTS: The average clearance rate of the hairs was 74% by laser and 35% by electrolysis 6 months after the initial treatment. CONCLUSION: Alexandrite laser hair removal is a more reliable and practical solution than electrolysis. Laser hair removal is more expensive than electrolysis, but is 60 times faster and less painful than electrolysis; also fewer sessions are needed with the laser with better results.
Axilla↗
Electroepilation (electrolysis) in hirsutism. 35,000 hours' experience on the face and neck.
Physicians frequently recommend electroepilation (electrolysis) in the management of hirsutism, but there have been no English language reports of its clinical effectiveness. We performed over 35,000 hours of electroepilation (electrolysis) on two hundred eighty-one women over a 4-year period. We used conventional, commercially available electroepilation (electrolysis) equipment that produced both thermolysis and blend type currents. We found that electroepilation (electrolysis) helps control hirsutism, and 93% of the patients improved. There was no scarring. For best results electroepilation (electrolysis) must be combined with treatment of excess androgens. Instructions about good grooming and stressing that shaving is not harmful will help to maximize improvement in appearance. Electroepilation (electrolysis) is expensive and not readily available to those lacking insurance or other funding.
Adult↗
Myocardial dysfunction and norepinephrine release in the isolated rat heart injured by electrolysis-induced oxygen free radicals.
In the present investigation, we used electrolysis as a source of oxygen free radicals to test their possible role in norepinephrine release, as well as in the mechanism of cellular injury, cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. In the isolated rat heart perfused under constant pressure, according to the Langendorff technique, electrolysis of the Krebs-Henseleit solution (10 mA d.c. current for 1 min) produced myocardial irreversible dysfunction within 5 min. Fifteen minutes after electrolysis, significant falls in the left ventricular pressure (from 87.5 +/- 6.8 to 33.7 +/- 5.2 mmHg), dP/dt max (from 1230 +/- 90 to 375 +/- 59 mmHg/s), heart rate (from 287 +/- 18 to 119 +/- 13.5 beats/min) and coronary flow (from 14.8 +/- 9 to 3.4 +/- 1.7 ml/min) were observed, along with an increase in left ventricular end diastolic pressure from 10 to 50 +/- 3.5 mmHg (n = 8, P less than 0.01). AV conduction block and/or sinus bradycardia were noted in all preparations. An increase in norepinephrine washout from 298.5 +/- 84 at baseline to 610 +/- 110 pg/min/g 5 min after electrolysis was measured (n = 8, P less than 0.05) and a 44.8 +/- 9.2% and 35 +/- 7.5% reduction, respectively in right and left ventricular tissue norepinephrine content was also found at 30 min (n = 5, P less than 0.05). Pretreatment of the hearts 10 min before electrolysis and throughout the experimental period by superoxide dismutase (SOD; 100 U/ml), catalase (150 U/ml), a combination of SOD + catalase or mannitol (50 mM) partially blocked the deleterious effect of free radicals and permitted a functional recovery of 50 to 60%, mannitol being the more potent protective agent. Furthermore, these scavengers also significantly reduced norepinephrine washout.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗