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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

Effect of a maltodextrin-electrolyte, a maltodextrin-nutrient-electrolyte and a standard electrolyte solution on water and electrolyte fluxes in the secreting rat intestine.

The effects of a maltodextrin (dextrose equivalent 12)-electrolyte solution and a maltodextrin-electrolyte solution with added nutrients on net water and electrolyte transport in the secreting rat intestine was compared with the citrate-World Health Organization oral rehydration solution to determine the need for a clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of these maltodextrin solutions in acute diarrhoea treatment. Cholera toxin consistently produced net water secretion (-36.5 +/- 9.9 mean +/- SEM microliter/min/g dry weight of intestine). All three solutions reversed the cholera toxin-induced net intestinal water secretion to net absorption. Significantly greater net water absorption occurred from the maltodextrin-electrolyte solution compared to the World Health Organization solution (P < 0.05) but not when compared to the maltodextrin-electrolyte-nutrient solution. Net sodium, potassium and chloride fluxes due to the World Health Organization-solution were not significantly different from the maltodextrin-electrolyte solution. These data provide a rationale for initiating a clinical trial.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Muscle electrolyte measurements during and after hypokinesia in determining muscle electrolyte depletion during hypokinesia in the rat.

Hypokinesia (diminished movement) induces muscle mineral depletion. However, the mechanism of muscle mineral depletion during hypokinesia (HK) remains unknown. Measuring electrolyte retention and electrolyte values in muscle, plasma, and urine during and after HK, the aim of this study was to discover if HK could depress mineral retention and lead to muscle mineral depletion. Studies were done on 204 13-wk-old male Wistar rats (370-390 g) during 10 d pre-HK period, 98 d HK period, and 15 d post-HK period. Rats were equally divided into two groups: vivarium control rats (VCR) and hypokinetic rats (HKR). All hypokinetic rats were kept for 98 d in small individual cages, which restricted their movements in all directions without hindering food and water intakes. All control rats were housed for 98 d in individual cages under vivarium control conditions. Both groups of rats were pair-fed. During the HK period skeletal muscle sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and water content and electrolyte retention decreased significantly (p < 0.05), while urinary and plasma electrolyte levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in HKR compared with their pre-HK values and their respective VCR. During the initial days of the post-HK period, mineral retention increased significantly (p < 0.05), plasma and urinary electrolyte level decreased significantly (p < 0.05), while muscle electrolyte and water content remained significantly (p < 0.05) depressed in HKR compared with VCR. Muscle mineral and water content, electrolyte retention, plasma, and urinary electrolyte values did not change in VCR compared with their pre-HK values. It was concluded that during HK decreased muscle mineral content may suggest muscle mineral depletion, while increased urinary electrolyte loss and muscle mineral depletion may demonstrate reduced mineral retention. Reduced electrolyte excretion and depressed muscle mineral content during post-HK may indicate skeletal muscle mineral depletion during HK. Dissociation between electrolyte retention and muscle mineral depletion may demonstrate the presence of decreased electrolyte retention as the mechanism of muscle electrolyte depletion during prolonged HK.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Detection of electrolyte abnormalities in children presenting to the emergency department: a multicenter, prospective analysis. Detection of Electrolyte Abnormalities in Children Observational National Study (DEACONS) Investigators.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively derive high-yield criteria for the detection of clinically significant electrolyte abnormalities (CSEAs) in children presenting to the ED. METHODS: A prospective, multicenter, observational study was performed at the EDs of 2 urban teaching hospitals, a university medical center, and a children's hospital with a combined census of > 275,000 patient visits/year (100,000 visits for children < 13 years old). All children < 13 years old who had electrolyte panels obtained were eligible for analysis. A data form containing potential predictor variables for a CSEA was completed by the clinician prior to receipt of electrolyte results. A CSEA was any abnormal electrolyte value that 1) stimulated constructive assessment of the patient's condition (monitoring, reevaluation of nonspurious laboratory values, or admission), 2) led to further diagnostic studies, 3) led to a new diagnosis, or 4) affected therapy. chi 2 recursive partitioning was used to derive a decision rule for ordering electrolytes. RESULTS: Of 715 eligible patient visits, 488 (68%) electrolyte panels contained a laboratory abnormality, with 182 (25%) CSEAs. A decision rule requiring 1 of 6 clinical criteria was 100% sensitive (95% CI 98-100%) and 24% specific (95% CI 21-28%) in detecting CSEAs with positive and negative predictive-values of 31% (95% CI 28-34%) and 100% (95% CI 97-100%), respectively. If these criteria had been used to screen patients for whom electrolyte panels were ordered, 128 patients (18%) would not have had electrolyte panels obtained and no CSEAs would have been missed. CONCLUSION: A set of clinical criteria was derived that may be useful for limiting electrolyte panels ordering in children. This criterion set requires prospective validation in a separate patient population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Electrolyte vs. glucose-electrolyte isotonic solutions for oral rehydration therapy in horses.

An isotonic electrolyte solution with a composition similar to equine sweat was compared to an isotonic glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution for oral rehydration therapy in exercising horses. Ten horses were dehydrated by using frusemide and allocated randomly to receive 4 different oral solutions: isotonic sweat-like electrolyte solution, half-strength hypotonic electrolyte solution, isotonic glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution, and plain water. Solutions were given by nasogastric tube using the same volume as the bodyweight lost by each horse. Blood samples were collected before and throughout 6 h of the rehydration period. Results showed that all solutions recovered pre-frusemide values of packed cell volume (PCV) and total plasma protein (TP) in a similar fashion. No changes for Na+ values were observed during the rehydration period when the isotonic sweat-like solution was used. However, a significant hyponatraemia was induced throughout rehydration when the other 3 solutions were given, especially when hypotonic solution and water were used. Osmolality values did not change when both isotonic solutions were administered; but a significant hypotonicity was observed when hypotonic solution and water were given. When the isotonic sweat-like solution was used, plasma Cl-, K+ and creatinine values recovered to premedication values significantly faster than the other 3 solutions. In conclusion, the isotonic sweat-like electrolyte was the best solution because it restored rapidly the fluid and plasma electrolyte imbalances. In contrast, the isotonic glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution impaired the plasma electrolyte imbalances.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effects of concentrated electrolytes administered via a paste on fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance in horses.

OBJECTIVES: To test effectiveness of an electrolyte paste in correcting fluid, electrolyte and acid base alterations in response to furosemide administration. ANIMALS: 6 Standardbreds. PROCEDURES: Horses received electrolyte paste or water only (control). The paste was given orally 3 hours after furosemide administration (1 mg/kg of body weight, IM). Water was given ad libitum soon after the paste and 3 hours after furosemide administration to treated and control groups, respectively. Paste Na+, K+, and Cl- composition was approximately 2,220, 620, and 2,840 mmol, respectively. The PCV and plasma concentrations of total protein ([TP]), [Na+], [K+], [Cl-]), and bicarbonate ([HCO3-]) were determined, and urinary fluid and electrolyte excretion, fecal water, and body weight changes were measured. RESULTS: At the end of a 6-hour period, the paste-treated group had higher water consumption, which resulted in lower plasma [TP]; net electrolyte losses also were substantially less. With paste administration, [Na+] was approximately 2 mmol/L above a prefurosemide value of 137.3 mmol/L; control horses had values similar to the prefurosemide value. Plasma [Cl-] remained at the prefurosemide value, but values in control horses decreased by 7 mmol/L with water consumption. Plasma [K+] remained approximately 0.8 mmol/L below prefurosemide values in both groups. Venous [HCO3-] returned to prefurosemide values after paste administration, but alkalosis persisted in control horses after consumption of water only. Body weight loss was less after paste administration. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of electrolyte paste is advantageous over water alone in restoring fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance after fluid and electrolyte loss attributable to furosemide administration.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

Diurnal electrolyte excretion pattern affects estimates of electrolyte status based on 24-hour, half-day, and overnight urine.

This study set out to examine the diurnal pattern of electrolyte excretion in urine, and to investigate whether urine collected from after dinner until next morning (half-day evening urine) might to be an alternative to 24-h urine more valid than overnight urine for ranking a person's electrolyte status. In a cross-sectional study of 40 young adults, two consecutive 24-h urine samples were collected, followed one month later by two further consecutive 24-h samples. Mean excretion rates of sodium and chloride steadily increased during the daytime. Electrolyte/creatinine ratios also increased, but all excretion rates decreased after sleep. The potassium excretion rate increased rapidly in the morning but declined steadily after 10 a.m.. Estimates of 24-h electrolyte content calculated from half-day amounts were approximately 80-92% of the actual 24-h urinary electrolyte values. Estimates obtained using overnight urine amounts approximated 60% of the actual 24-h values. Correlation coefficients between actual 24-h urinary electrolytes and estimates based on half-day urine were better than correlates between actual 24-h amounts and estimates obtained using timed overnight urine. These results suggest that half-day evening urine may be a useful alternative to 24-h urine for assessing electrolyte in-take.

Adult↗
PubMed1954

Changes in resting potential due to a shift of electrolytes in the cell produced by non-electrolytes.

Experiments on Nitella indicate that the resting potential is due chiefly to the outwardly directed diffusion potential of electrolytes which is set up at the inner, non-aqueous, protoplasmic surface surrounding the vacuole. We might therefore expect that any change in the concentration of these electrolytes would affect the resting potential. The experiments described here indicate that this expectation is justified. When a sucrose solution is applied at one end of the cell and water is placed at another spot, water enters at the latter, passes along inside the cell, and escapes into the sucrose solution, but the electrolytes are unable to escape into the sucrose solution (except very slowly) so that the concentration of electrolytes increases in the region in contact with the sucrose solution. Hence the potential at this spot increases. At the other spot where the water enters, the concentration of electrolytes decreases and the potential at this spot falls off. The changes can be carried out reversibly without injury to the cell.

Cytoplasm↗
PubMed2003

Eigenmobilities in background electrolytes for capillary zone electrophoresis: II. Eigenpeaks in univalent weak electrolytes.

We analyze in detail a mathematical model of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) based on the conception of eigenmobilities, which are eigenvalues of the matrix tied to the linearized continuity equations. Our model considers CZE systems, where constituents are weak electrolytes and where pH of the background electrolyte may reach the full range from 0 to 14. Both hydrogen and hydroxide ions are taken into account in relations for conductivity and electroneutrality. An electrophoretic system with N constituents has N eigenmobilities. We reveal that two of the eigenmobilities have a special meaning as they exist due to the presence of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions (in water solutions). These two eigenmobilities are responsible for the existence of two corresponding system zones (system peaks). We show that the stationary zone (injection zone, water zone, gap, peak, dip) is in many common background electrolytes composed of these two eigenzones which overlap, due to their very low electrophoretic mobility, into one zone. Other eigenmobilities give rise to system zones originating due to a possible existence of double (or multiple) coconstituents in the background electrolyte. The last group of eigenmobilities is connected with the movement of eigenzones accompanying analytes and enabling their indirect UV or conductivity detection. The model allows assessing experimentally available quantities such as effective mobility of the analyte, molar conductivity detection response, transfer ratio, and relative velocity slope and gives a picture about migration of analytes, their electromigration dispersion and signals obtained in detectors. It allows computer simulation of electropherograms and enables optimization of background electrolytes.

Electric Conductivity↗
PubMed1975

[The effect of various electrolyte solutions on the water and electrolyte balance during the postoperative phase].

Investigations with 3 electrolyte solutions having different qualitative and quantitative compositions were carried out to see their effect on the physiological equilibrium in the pre, intra- and postoperative phases in patients who had to undergo moderately severe surgery. On the basis of electrolyte and osmolarity determinations in serum and 24-hour urine, blood gas analyses, determinations of hemoglobin and hematocrit, 24-hour volume and specific weight of the urine, it was possible to establish an electrolyte administration adapted to the pre-, intra- and postoperative condition of the patients. By the infusion of a solution with this electrolyte content it was possible to keep the measured parameters within the normal range throughout the entire period of measurement before, during and after the operation.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1983

Enteral glucose-polymer-electrolyte solution in the treatment of chronic fluid and electrolyte depletion in short-bowel syndrome.

A 55-year-old woman with extensive small-bowel resection and total colectomy complicated by chronic fluid and electrolyte depletion, achieved fluid and electrolyte homeostasis using a glucose-polymer-electrolyte solution. This is probably due to a solvent drag mechanism in the jejunum, in which nutrients such as glucose or aminoacids promote the passive absorption of electrolytes and water.

Electrolytes↗
PubMed2001

Corrections to moving chemical reaction boundary equation for weak reactive electrolytes under the existence of background electrolyte KCl in large concentrations.

In this report, the moving chemical reaction boundary (MCRB) was formed by the weak reaction electrolytes of NH3.H2O and CH3COOH under the existence of background electrolyte KCl in large concentrations, the experiments were compared with the predictions by the moving chemical reaction boundary equation (MCRBE) for weak reactive electrolytes. It was found that the experimental results are far from the predictions with the MCRBE. So the MCRBEs must be corrected under the given experimental conditions. The corrected MCRBEs are given for the MCRB formed with weak reactive electrolytes coupled with KCl at high concentrations.

Electrolytes↗
PubMed2001

The effect of stimulant laxatives and polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage solution for colonoscopy preparation on serum electrolytes and hemodynamics.

We have previously shown that magnesium citrate or bisacodyl before polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution (PEG-ELS) improves colonoscopy preparation. Patients prefer this to preparation with full-volume PEG-ELS alone. However, such combinations might cause undesirable changes in hemodynamics or serum electrolytes. This study examined the effects of these combinations on heart rate, blood pressure, and serum electrolytes. We randomized 68 consecutive patients undergoing colonoscopy to one of three preparations. Group 1 received 4 L of PEG-ELS, group 2 received 2 L of PEG-ELS with 20 mg bisacodyl, and group 3 received 2 L of PEG-ELS preceded by 296 mL of magnesium citrate. Heart rate, blood pressure, and serum electrolytes were measured before starting the preparation and immediately before colonoscopy. Mean serum magnesium fell by 0.01 mg/dL and 0.11 mg/dL in groups 1 and 2, respectively, and rose by 0.06 mg/dL in group 3 (p = 0.044). There were no other significant changes. Statistically significant changes in serum magnesium after preparation with PEG-ELS and a stimulant laxative are minor and probably of no clinical relevance. Two liters of PEG-ELS with a stimulant laxative is safe and effective for colonoscopy.

Cathartics↗
PubMed1992

Oral salt supplements to compensate for jejunostomy losses: comparison of sodium chloride capsules, glucose electrolyte solution, and glucose polymer electrolyte solution.

Six patients with jejunostomies and residual jejunal lengths of 105 to 250 cm took the same food and water each day for eight study days. In random order, three methods of salt replacement were tested, each over 48 hours, against a period without added salt. During the three test periods the patients took 120 mmol of sodium chloride daily, as salt in gelatine capsules, as an isotonic glucose electrolyte (280 mOsmol/kg; 30 kcal) solution, and as a glucose polymer (Maxijul) solution (280 mOsmol/kg; 200 kcal). The daily stomal output remained constant for each patient during the four test periods but varied between patients from 0.60 to 2.84 kg (daily intestinal fluid balance 0.74-2.61 kg). Without a salt supplement, three patients lost more sodium from the stoma than they took in by mouth (-25, -94, and -101 mmol/day) and the mean sodium balance for all six subjects was -16 mmol (range -101 to 79) daily. Extra salt was absorbed with each form of supplement (p less than 0.05); no patient with the glucose electrolyte solution (mean 96, range 0 to 226 mmol), but one patient with the glucose-polymer solution (mean 96, range -25 to 164 mmol) and two with the salt capsules (mean 66, range -8 to 145 mmol) were in negative balance. Two patients vomited with the salt capsules. There was only a small increase in energy absorption (mean 115 kcal) with the glucose polymer solution compared with the glucose electrolyte solution. A sipped glucose electrolyte solution seems to be the optimal mode of sodium replacement in patients with a high output jejunostomy.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

On-line analysis of electrolytes in extracorporeally circulating blood: application of a rat model to examine the effect of a single pharmacological dose of melatonin on electrolyte levels in blood.

An experimental model was developed to study the kinetics of electrolytes under different physiological and/or pathological conditions. The model was applied to investigate in vivo the effect of a pharmacological dose of melatonin on the concentrations of Ca2+, K+, Na+, and pH in the anticoagulated blood of anaesthetized male Wistar rats (250-350 g). After the application of 0.25 mg melatonin/kg body weight, injected intraperitoneally into each of 8 rats, the electrolytes were measured by a flow-through system with highly sensitive ion-selective electrodes. The results were compared to a control group (n=8) which was treated with diluent (saline). The electrolytes were monitored continuously via an extracorporeal circulation, on-going for at least 60 min. Melatonin induced a significant increase of blood Ca2+ (p<0.02) by an average of 9.9% after 60 min. However, total calcium concentration did not increase significantly. The extracorporeal circulation provoked an elevation of K+ by hemolysis. This K+ increase was slightly diminished by melatonin (p<0.06). No melatonin effects were seen on Na+, pH and magnesium in blood and plasma, respectively. Also, the urine concentrations of the electrolytes were not altered by melatonin. The mechanism by which melatonin influences the blood concentrations of ionized calcium and potassium is not yet understood.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Influence of repeated restraint and isolation stress and electrolyte administration on pituitary-adrenal secretions, electrolytes, and other blood constituents of sheep.

Crossbred lambs (n = 24) were blocked by weight and assigned within blocks to four treatments applied in two replications of a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Main effects included no stress (NS) or three consecutive days of restraint and isolation stress (RIS) and treatment with either water (W) or an electrolyte (E) solution. Each lamb in the RIS treatment group was moved from its home stanchion to another room, isolated from visual and tactile contact with other lambs, and restrained for 6 h on three consecutive days. Lambs received either distilled W or E (320 mL) on each of the 3 d of stressor treatment. On the morning of the 3rd d of stressor treatment, blood samples were collected at 1-h intervals for 6 h for determination of concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, and lactate. Also, blood was collected at the conclusion of, and 18 h after, the termination of stressor treatment (at slaughter) to measure serum electrolyte concentrations and other blood constituents. Polynomial curves fit to plasma concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, and lactate data differed (P < .005) between RIS and NS lambs during the last 6-h stressor bout. Stressed lambs had lower (P < .05) serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase concentrations than did NS lambs. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase was increased (P < .05) 20- to 30-fold in RIS lambs. Restraint and isolation stress caused clear increases in plasma concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, lactate, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase but had minimal effects on serum electrolytes. Electrolyte treatment had no appreciable effect on pituitary-adrenal secretions or any other measured component of blood.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1991

Acceptability and effect of carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions on electrolyte homeostasis during field training.

Two lemon-lime flavored 2.5% carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions (CE1 supplemented with Na+, K+, and Mg+; and CE2 supplemented with NA+) were compared to plain water (water) and lemon-lime flavored water placebo (placebo) to evaluate their acceptability and consumption during 8 days of field training in hot weather. Acceptability ratings and consumption of CE2 and the flavored water placebo were similar and greater, respectively, than those for CE1. Average Na+ and K+ intakes, and serum electrolytes levels, were not affected during the 8-day trial. If food intake is adequate, consumption of carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions is apparently unnecessary to maintain electrolyte homeostasis.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1990

Influence of electrolytes and non-electrolytes on growth and differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi.

The influence of electrolytes and non-electrolytes, especially NaCl and sorbitol, on the metacyclogenesis and growth of Trypanosoma cruzi has been studied. The addition of 50 or 100 mEq/l NaCl to the culture media significantly increased the development of metacyclic forms. Other electrolytes and non-electrolytes had no effect on epimastigote-metacyclic differentiation. The growth rate was never modified to any extent. The influence of sodium concentration, osmotic pressure, among other factors, are discussed. Electrophoresis showed proteins bands which could be related either to the adaptation of T. cruzi to the new culture media or to the initiation of differentiation processes.

Animals↗