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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Ergometer error and biological variation in power output in a performance test with three cycle ergometers.

When physical performance is monitored with an ergometer, random error arising from the ergometer combines with biological variation from the subject to limit the precision of estimation of performance changes. We report here the contributions of ergometer error and biological variation to the error of measurement in a performance test with two popular cycle ergometers (air-braked Kingcycle, mobile SRM crankset) and a relatively new inexpensive mobile ergometer (PowerTap hub). Eleven well-trained male cyclists performed a familiarization trial followed by three 5-min time trials within 2 wk on a racing cycle fitted with the SRM and PowerTap and mounted on the Kingcycle. Mean power output in each trial was recorded with all ergometers simultaneously. A novel analysis using mixed modelling of log-transformed mean power provided estimates of the standard error of measurement as a coefficient of variation and its components arising from the ergometer and the cyclists. The usual errors of measurement were: Kingcycle 2.2 %, PowerTap 1.5 %, and SRM 1.6 % (90 % confidence limits +/- 1.3). The components of these errors arising purely from the ergometers and the cyclists were: Kingcycle 1.8 %, PowerTap 0.9 %, SRM 1.1 %, and cyclists 1.2 % (+/- 1.5). Thus, ergometer errors and biological variation made substantial contributions to the usual error of measurement. Use of the best ergometers and of test protocols that reduce biological variation would improve monitoring of the small changes that matter to elite athletes.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Responses to kayak ergometer performance after kayak and bicycle ergometer training.

Ten moderately active male volunteers, age 19-30 years, completed one month of training on either a kayak or a bicycle ergometer (five men in each group). The men completed sixteen 30 minute sessions of continuous work at an intensity which maintained their HR within 85-90% of its maximum, as previously determined on the kayak ergometer. After this training period the kayak group demonstrated significant decreases in VO2, VE, HR and blood lactate in submaximal kayak ergometer work and a significant increase in VO2 during maximal kayak ergometer work. These changes contributed to a significantly higher maximal kayaking work output. The bicycle-trained group did not make any of these improvements on the kayak ergometer. However in their last training session on the bicycle ergometer they were able to work at a higher submaximal load while maintaining the same heart rate as in the first training session. It was concluded that the circulatory and metabolic adjustments to kayak work are greater with kayak training than with bicycle training.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Reliability of power output during rowing changes with ergometer type and race distance.

Coaches, sport scientists and researchers assess rowing performance on-water and on a variety of ergometers. Ergometers are frequently used because of the easier assessment environment. However, there is limited information on the ability of rowers to reproduce mean power or time-trial time when using different rowing ergometers (Concept II and RowPerfect) or completing tests over different distances (500 m versus 2000 m races). To test the efficacy of an intervention on a rower's ability to produce power, or to monitor that ability, it is essential to determine a reliable rowing performance test. The per cent standard error of measurement in performance (assessed by mean power and time-trial time) of fifteen national standard rowers was determined for five repeated 500 m and two repeated 2000 m races on a Concept II and RowPerfect ergometer. The per cent standard error of measurement (% SEM) in mean power between 5x500m races, regardless of gender, was 2.8% (95% confidence limits (CL)=2.3 to 3.4%) for the Concept II ergometer and 3.3% (95% CL=2.5 to 3.9%) for the RowPerfect ergometer (n = 15). Over 2000 m the per cent standard error of measurement in mean power was 1.3% (95% CL 0.9 to 2.9%) for the Concept II ergometer and 3.3% (95% CL 2.2 to 7.0%) for the RowPerfect ergometer The results highlight an increase in per cent standard error of the mean during performance races of less than 2000m on the Concept II ergometer, and performance races on the RowPerfect ergometer compared with the Concept II ergometer over 500 m and 2000 m. The most appropriate protocol for testing the influence of an intervention on the ability of a rower to produce power would be 2000 m races on a Concept II ergometer.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Mechanical and physiological calibration of four cycle ergometers.

Mechanical and physiological calibrations were performed on four research-grade cycle ergometers. Ten subjects rode each ergometer twice in a randomized testing order. The subjects pedaled at 60 rpm for 5 min at each of three power outputs, i.e., 49, 98, and 147 W. Heart rate, metabolic, and perceptual data were obtained each minute. Prior to and immediately following these test rides, mechanical calibrations were obtained in duplicate. From the mechanical calibrations, Ergometer A was approximately 10% below actual values at each power output. Ergometer B demonstrated a variable error, with the largest percentage and absolute errors occurring at the lower power outputs. Ergometers C and D generally demonstrated less than a +/- 3% error. Following the physiological calibration, Ergometer B exhibited a substantial drift in calibration, while Ergometers A, C, and D maintained their original calibration. The physiological data supported the mechanical calibration, and Ergometer B demonstrated a substantial drift between the first and second trials and produced substantially different results compared with the other three ergometers. Ergometers A, C, and D demonstrated acceptable consistency in results both within trials and among ergometers. These results demonstrate the importance of proper calibration and of understanding the calibration characteristics of ergometers selected for research purposes.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

A comparison of exercise performance on bicycle and rowing ergometers in female master recreational rowers.

Limited information exists on the response to maximal exercise testing in female masters level recreational rowers. This study examined cardiorespiratory and physiologic responses to progressive, incremental exercise using a variable resistance rowing ergometer and a cycle ergometer in six experienced female masters level rowers. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max:33.8 +/- 7.3, 33.5 +/- 6.6 ml.kg-1.min-1) and minute ventilation (VEmax: 86.1 +/- 9.6 l.min-1, 88.7 +/- 13.8 l.min-1) were similar during both tests (rower vs cycle). Maximal heart rates were significantly higher on the cycle ergometer (177 +/- 9 beats/min-1) compared to the rowing ergometer (173 +/- 11 beats/min-1), while peak power on the rowing ergometer (175 +/- 22 watts) was lower than the cycle ergometer (187 +/- 41 watts). Blood lactate levels taken 1 minute following exercise were similar on the rowing ergometer (10.5 +/- 1.7 mM/l) and cycle ergometer (11.8 +/- 1.5 mM/l) and indicated maximal effort was achieved in all subjects. Ventilatory threshold levels were significantly different on the rower (2.0 +/- 0.16) versus the cycle ergometer (1.9 +/- 0.18) (p = 0.38). These data suggest that the cycle and rowing ergometers yield relatively similar results when testing maximal exercise performance in this population.

Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of physiological responses to rowing on friction-loaded and air-braked ergometers.

The physiological responses of 10 trained rowers to a progressive incremental rowing protocol to exhaustion were investigated on Gjessing, Rowperfect fixed-mechanism and Rowperfect free-mechanism rowing ergometers. Heart rate, oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilation (VE) and blood lactate were determined at matched power values for each ergometer. The mean power and heart rate at the lactate anaerobic threshold were determined by graphical interpolation of data for each ergometer. Analysis of variance and linear regression showed differing responses at matched power and an approximate 40-50 W difference in power at the lactate anaerobic threshold when comparing the friction-loaded Gjessing with the air-braked Rowperfect fixed and Rowperfect free ergometers (P<0.01). No significant differences were noted when comparing the air-braked Rowperfect fixed and Rowperfect free ergometers. However, comparisons of VO2, VE and blood lactate at given heart rates and of heart rate at the lactate anaerobic threshold showed no significant differences between ergometers. Our results indicate similar physiological profiles for all ergometers tested when compared at equivalent heart rates, but differences when compared at matched power. A direct comparison of the data from Gjessing (friction-loaded) with Rowperfect fixed and Rowperfect free (air-braked) ergometers would therefore require a correction factor for inter-ergometer variation in displayed power data.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Dipyridamole-thallium myocardial imaging in patients unable to exercise adequately: comparison with arm and bicycle ergometer].

We assessed the usefulness of dipyridamole-thallium myocardial imaging in patients unable to exercise adequately, compared with arm-ergometer and standard (bicycle) ergometer. Fifty-six patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans, aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection and so on, who were revealed normal imaging, were studied. Only one of 13 cases with arm-ergometer and two of 14 with bicycle ergometer reached target heart rate. Lung thallium uptake in the cases with arm-ergometer (37 +/- 9%) is higher than that with dipyridamole (29 +/- 5%). This elevation may be confused with pectoralis muscle uptake. Washout rate is 45 +/- 9% with dipyridamole and 46 +/- 12% with bicycle ergometer, respectively, though there was no significant differences. Myocardial/background counts ratio with dipyridamole (4.6 +/- 0.8%) is significantly higher than that with arm and bicycle ergometer (arm-ergometer; 3.5 +/- 0.7, bicycle ergometer; 4.2 +/- 0.9). Then, myocardial image with dipyridamole have superior quality. We concluded that dipyridamole-thallium myocardial imaging is very useful in the patients who have suboptimal exercise efforts.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

The relationship between maximal power and maximal torque-velocity using an electronic ergometer.

Eight subjects performed a single allout sprint on a cycle ergometer with strain gauges bonded to the cranks. The crank angle-torque curves of the left and right legs were recorded during ten revolutions using the software package supplied with the ergometer. Torque data were stored every 2 degrees (180 angletorque data per pedal revolution for each leg). The ergometer was used in the linear mode with the lowest available linear factor (F1 = 0.01). In this mode, the braking torque (TB) was proportional to cycling velocity v(TB = F1v) and mechanical power was equal to F1v2. The relationship between the torque averaged over one revolution and the average velocity of one pedal revolution was studied during the acceleration phase of short allout exercise on an electronic ergometer (eight subjects) and a friction-loaded ergometer (four subjects). The present study showed that it is possible to determine the maximal torque-velocity relationship and to calculate maximal anaerobic power during a single allout sprint using an electronic cycle ergometer provided that strain gauges are bonded to the cranks. The torque-velocity relationships calculated were linear as for a friction loaded ergometer. As expected, the values of torque and maximal power measured with the strain gauges were higher than the corresponding values computed from the data collected during an allout test on a friction loaded ergometer. The torque-angle data collected during a single allout cycling exercise would suggest that angular accelerations of the leg segments and gravitational forces play the main role at high velocity.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Dynamic calibration of mechanically, air- and electromagnetically braked cycle ergometers.

In this study we measured the accuracy of the following types of cycle ergometer against the criterion of a dynamic calibration rig (DCR): 35 friction-braked (Monark), 5 research-grade air-braked (Repco) and 5 electromagnetically braked (2 Siemens, 1 Elema-Schonander, 1 Ergoline, 1 Warren E. Collins). Monark ergometer power outputs over the range 58.9-353.2 W significantly (P < 0.001) underestimated those registered by the DCR with mean accuracies of 91.7-97.8%. The least accurate individual reading for each of the six up-scale (0-353.2 W) power outputs ranged from 81.6 to 91.6%; corresponding down-scale (353.2-0 W) accuracies were 85.1-92.5%. A hysteresis effect was furthermore evident for this ergometer in that up-scale measurements were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than down-scale ones. In addition, when the oldest [mean (SD): 11.3 (2.3) years old] and newest [1.4 (0.8) years old] eight ergometers were compared, the latter were significantly (P < 0.05) more accurate over the range 117.7-294.3 W. Apart from the two lowest power outputs of 47 W (62.2-96.0% accuracy) and 127 W (88.0-97.7% accuracy), the individual up-scale and down-scale accuracies of the Repco ergometers ranged from 98.0 to 104.2% for power outputs of 272.7-1137.8 W and the means were not significantly different from those of the DCR. There was also no evidence of hysteresis. Except for the initial power output of 50 W (40 rev/min: 83.8-99.2% accuracy; 60 rev/min: 93.2-122.6% accuracy), the individual accuracies of the electromagnetically braked ergometers ranged from 89.3 to 101.4% over the up-scale range of 100-400 W, and none of the means were significantly different from those of the DCR. The variability of individual errors for the preceding data emphasises that all cycle ergometers should be validated against the criterion of a DCR if accurate power outputs are required.

Atmosphere↗
PubMed1982

Effect of training specificity on maximal treadmill and bicycle ergometer exercise.

Sixteen competitive athletes in long-distance running (n = 8) and cycle racing (n = 8) performed three maximal exercise tests on the treadmill as well as on the bicycle ergometer. The test protocol for both ergometers was similar in work intensity and duration. The results obtained at the maximum work load were compared between and within the two groups of athletes. Comparing treadmill to bicycle exercise, the oxygen uptake was 14% higher on treadmill in the long-distance runners, but equal in the cycle racers. The work efficiency on both types of ergometers showed a clear relationship with the training activity: the cycle racers worked more efficiently on the bicycle ergometer while the results of the long-distance runners were better on the treadmill. Heart rate and minute ventilation reached similar values in the cycle racers on both ergometers, but treadmill exercise induced higher values in the long-distance runners as compared to cycling. Opposite results were found in the variables of the acid-base balance: lactate concentration and base excess reached similar values (13 and -14 mmol l-1, respectively) in the long-distance runners on both ergometers, but in the cycle racers bicycle exercise induced higher values than running. From these results it can be concluded that congruence between the mode of ergometer exercise and the sport activity improves the validity of the test result.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1988

Angina and ST-segment depression during treadmill and arm ergometer testing in patients with coronary artery disease.

The clinical use of exercise rehabilitation programs has increased for patients with coronary artery disease. Exercise testing in these programs typically is conducted on a treadmill or cycle ergometer, although many patients' vocations require upper extremity activities and some patients cannot perform lower extremity exercises. To compare the hemodynamic responses and the incidence of angina and ST-segment depression during upper and lower extremity exercise in patients with coronary artery disease, we administered symptom-limited arm ergometer and submaximal or maximal symptom-limited treadmill tests to 95 cardiac rehabilitation patients who had completed an eight-week exercise training program. Treadmill testing resulted in significantly higher heart rates, systolic blood pressures, and double products than arm ergometer testing. The incidence of ST-segment depression was significantly greater with treadmill testing than with arm ergometer testing, but the incidence of angina was not different between tests. Ten patients had ST-segment depression during both arm ergometer and treadmill testing, and the double products at the onset of ST-segment depression were not different. Our data suggest that arm ergometer testing is less likely to result in ST-segment depression than treadmill testing in patients with coronary artery disease, possibly because of the lower hemodynamic responses during arm ergometer testing.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1996

Design and evaluation of a modified underwater cycle ergometer.

An underwater cycle ergometer was designed consisting of an aluminum cycle frame in water connected with a 1:1 gear ratio to a mechanically braked standard cycle ergometer supported above the water. Three progressive maximal exercise tests were performed (n = 10): (a) the underwater ergometer in water (UEW), (b) underwater ergometer in air (UEA), and (c) a standard cycle ergometer in air (SEA). At submaximal power outputs, oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were generally lower in the SEA condition (p < .05), indicating that exercise in the upright position was more efficient. Exercise in water (UEW) resulted in lower total exercise duration, maximal HR, and maximal Tes than in air conditions. The upright position (SEA) resulted in greater total exercise duration and maximal power output than the semirecumbent positions. Because of positional differences between the standard and underwater ergometers, air-water comparisons should be made by using the underwater ergometer in water and on land.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of treadmill and cycle ergometer measurements of force-velocity relationships and power output.

Since body balance and weight-bearing factors present while running on the treadmill might cause additional muscle recruitment and thus could influence the force-velocity relationship and power, the present study was undertaken to find out whether the F-V and F-P relationships measured while running on the treadmill are different from the respective indices measured during cycling. On two separate occasions, 32 male subjects were tested using a series of 5 sec, all-out sprints against different braking forces on the Gymrol Sprint treadmill and on the Monark ergometer. The maximal peak power (PPmax) and maximal mean power (MPmax) were measured. The equation: EP = 0.5 maximal force (Fo) x0.5 maximal velocity (Vo) was used to calculate the estimated values of peak power (EPP) and mean power (EMP). The F-V relationship was linear in both cycle ergometer and treadmill measurements. PPmax, MPmax, EPP, and EMP values on the treadmill were lower than the respective values on the ergometer. EPP on the ergometer and on the treadmill, as well as EMP values on the ergometer, were slightly higher than the corresponding measured values of PPmax and MPmax. The levels of braking force at which PP, MP, PPmax, and MPmax were obtained were lower on the ergometer than on the treadmill. High correlation coefficients were found between PPmax, MPmax, EPP, and EMP measured on the ergometer and on the treadmill (r = 0.86, r = 0.84, r = 0.71, r = 0.78, respectively, P<0.01). In both tests, significant relationships between PPmax, MPmax, EPP, and EMP were observed. It is concluded that independent of the type of ergometry the force-velocity relationship is similar in the measured range of velocities which suggests that the number of muscle groups and joints engaged in movement are more important than body balance and weight-bearing factors present while running on a treadmill.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Cardiorespiratory response to bicycle and rowing ergometer exercise in oarsmen.

Maximal aerobic power and related variables during submaximal work were determined on the bicycle and on the rowing ergometer in 9 oarsmen and in 9 control subjects. During submaximal work, heart rate and pulmonary ventilation were similar with the two exercise procedures in each group, but the oarsmen had lower values than the control subjects. Oxygen uptake at a given workload was higher on the rowing ergometer than on the bicycle ergometer for both the oarsmen and the control subjects. During maximal exercise, the control subjects reached significantly lower values on the rowing ergometer than on the bicycle ergometer for maximal oxygen uptake and maximal oxygen pulse. The oarsmen however attained practically the same values on the two ergometers, with a rank difference correlation coefficient of 0.94. The difference between the results obtained in control subjects and in oarsmen supports the concept of training specificity.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Physiological responses to maximal exercise on arm cranking and wheelchair ergometer with paraplegics.

This study describes the responses of 20 paraplegic athletes (mean age: 26.8 +/- 1.6 years) to a continuous incremental workload test until exhaustion on an arm cranking ergometer (ACE) and on a wheelchair ergometer (WCE). Both ergometers used the same electromagnetic braking device allowing a fair comparison between results. Tests were conducted at a 24 hour interval at the same time of the day. Oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), workload (W), blood pressure (BP), Borg index, and mechanical efficiency (ME) were measured at every minute during the effort and the cool down periods of both tests. The purpose of this study was to analyse the different responses obtained on ACE and on WCE during maximal effort by paraplegics, and also to determine which ergometer permits the higher ME. Results indicate that paraplegics reached the same max HR on ACE and on WCE (97% of the predicted max HR). The lack of significant difference (p less than 0.05) between ACE and WCE in terms of maximal values of VO2, VE and HR suggests that the subjects reached their maximal capacity on each test regardless of the type of ergometer. Nevertheless, W max (in Watts) was 26% higher on ACE than on WCE. Maximal ME values were respectively 16% and 11.6% on ACE and WCE. Results suggest that ergometers and protocol used in this study are appropriate to measure physiological responses of paraplegic athletes during arm cranking and wheelchair exercise without excessive or early arm fatigue.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Heart rate, blood lactate, and catecholamines during ergometer and on water rowing.

The heart rate, blood lactate, and catecholamine responses to rowing on a Gjessing ergometer and in a single scull on the water were compared. Seventeen rowers performed a multistage step test on the ergometer as well as low and high intensity endurance rowing on the water. Seven oarsmen (six with determinations of free plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline) rowed on the ergometer with the same heart rate and duration as on the water. During ergometer endurance rowing, heart rate, lactate, and adrenaline were not significantly different from boat rowing, while plasma noradrenaline was higher. However, at similar lactate levels, heart rate during rowing on the water was approximately 10 beats.min-1 higher than during the ergometer multistage step test, due to the different duration of exercise. Heart rate values based on determination of lactate threshold can be taken as recommendations for low and high intensity endurance training on water. However, because of individual variations in the heart rate-lactate relationship between rowing on the ergometer and in the boat, field evaluation is recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The RowPerfect ergometer: a training aid for on-water single scull rowing.

The purpose of this study was to compare rowing technique on the dynamic RowPerfect ergometer with a single scull. Eight national-level rowers performed on both the RowPerfect ergometer and in a single scull over 500 m, at rates of 24, 26, and 28 strokes/minute. Blade force and oar angle (on-water) and handle force and stroke length (on the ergometer) were measured. Both force and stroke angle/length were normalised from 0 to 100 (where 100 was the peak value). Body positions of the subjects at both the catch and finish of each of these rowing strokes were also compared for each stroke rate. The coefficient of multiple determination (CMD) was used to measure the consistency of force curves over a sample of five sequential strokes for each rower. Cross-correlations were performed between the left- and right-side on-water sculling force curves and a mean of these values with the ergometer curve for each rower. Stroke angle/length, which did not vary with rate, was similar for both forms of rowing. The CMDs showed a high consistency across the normalised strokes of each subject (approximately 0.98). Cross-correlation values of 0.91, 0.92, and 0.93 were recorded between the force curves from the ergometer and on-water trials for stroke rates of 24, 26, and 28 strokes/minute, respectively. The mean trunk, thigh and lower leg angles at the catch and finish of the stroke were also similar across the stroke rates as determined by t-tests. Results indicate that technique used on the RowPerfect ergometer was similar to that for on-water sculling, thus validating its use in off-water training.

Adolescent↗