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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

[Pharmaceutical ethics in the second Polish Republic].

The author has presented the state of Polish pharmacy directly before the Second World War. He underlined the dissonance between the owners and pharmaceutical employees. Parliamentary acts concerning pharmaceutical chamber and profession were to counteract the commercial tendencies. Unfortunately these acts had not been tested as they were directly followed by the outbreak of war.

History of Pharmacy↗
PubMed2003

Are gifts from pharmaceutical companies ethically problematic? A survey of physicians.

BACKGROUND: Personalized pharmaceutical marketing to physicians, including the provision of gifts and sponsorship of educational and recreational activities, raises ethical issues. We sought to determine the degree to which physicians regarded common pharmaceutical marketing activities as ethically problematic, and to compare the views of experienced physicians and physicians-in-training. METHODS: A questionnaire that included 18 scenarios portraying interactions between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry was distributed to residents and faculty members at a US medical school. RESULTS: Most marketing activities were not thought to pose major ethical problems. Respondents tended to make distinctions about the ethical appropriateness of gifts on the basis of the monetary value and type of gift. Some respondents' views would be in violation of recent professional guidelines that address interactions between physicians and pharmaceutical companies. However, some respondents were troubled by activities that are permitted by professional guidelines. The responses of residents and faculty physicians were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the recent publicity about ethical problems in relationships between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry, inexperienced and experienced physicians at a single institution continue to have a rather permissive view about a variety of marketing activities.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The ethics of Pharmaceutical benefit management.

Efforts to limit pharmacy costs raise both ethical and economic considerations. Six values should inform pharmacy benefit management: (1) accepting resource constraints; (2) helping the sick; (3) protecting the worst off; (4) respecting autonomy; (5) sustaining trust; and (6) promoting inclusive decision making. Direct controls, such as formularies, step therapy, and prior authorization, can focus limited resources on the sick and worst off. However, direct controls limit autonomy and are administratively burdensome. Indirect controls, such as physician capitation, tiered copayments, and drug benefit caps, align physicians' and patients' interests with resource constraints, respect autonomy, and are administratively efficient. Unfortunately, they deter use based on cost, not medical need; they do not focus cuts on unnecessary or marginal drug use or focus resources on the sick. Budget caps are the least defensible, while tiered copays and physician capitation can be justified if implemented with safeguards. Formularies and step therapy are ethically justifiable if they can be efficiently instituted.

Capitation Fee↗
PubMed2003

All gifts large and small: toward an understanding of the ethics of pharmaceutical industry gift-giving.

Much attention has been focused in recent years on the ethical acceptability of physicians receiving gifts from drug companies. Professional guidelines recognize industry gifts as a conflict of interest and establish thresholds prohibiting the exchange of large gifts while expressly allowing for the exchange of small gifts such as pens, note pads, and coffee. Considerable evidence from the social sciences suggests that gifts of negligible value can influence the behavior of the recipient in ways the recipient does not always realize. Policies and guidelines that rely on arbitrary value limits for gift-giving or receipt should be reevaluated.

American Medical Association↗
PubMed1993

Data monitoring and interim analyses in the pharmaceutical industry: ethical and logistical considerations.

The characteristics of data monitoring and the need for the use of data monitoring committees in clinical trials sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry differ from those of trials sponsored by government. Data monitoring is a continuous process in industry trials due to the regulatory requirements and the need to more thoroughly evaluate safety of new compounds. As part of this process, interim analyses are employed to make decisions about treatment effects. In some cases, such analyses may require the use of an external data monitoring committee to assist in the data review, analysis and decision making. A number of examples of interim analyses, with and without data monitoring committees, are discussed. Issues surrounding the need for external data monitoring committees and recommendations are presented. In particular the issues of sponsor participation in the data monitoring committee and controls of the decision making process are considered.

Clinical Trials Data Monitoring Committees↗