PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Eclecticism, Historical”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

William Tod Helmuth and Andrew Jackson Howe. Surgical sectarianism in 19th-century America.

Nineteenth-Century American society was particularly prone to the establishment of numerous unorthodox medical practices and their alternative therapies. The most influential of the unorthodox medical groups were the homeopathic and eclectic sects. From within the ranks of homeopathy and eclecticism, William Tod Helmuth and Andrew Jackson Howe, respectively, emerged to become the best-known sectarian surgeons of their era. Through a review of their lives this forgotten chapter in the history of American surgery is recollected.

Eclecticism, Historical↗
PubMed2006

"Just look," he said.

Five personal examples are given illustrating the general principle that one can see if one looks or, conversely, that one cannot see anything that one believes not to exist.

Adamantinoma↗
PubMed1987

The Kur in West Germany as an interface between naturopathic and allopathic ideologies.

In countries where biomedicine developed from earlier medical knowledge, medical pluralism provides unusual cultural parameters and perspectives on biomedical epistemologies. Past therapy traditions, which are still salient in the biomedical system of West Germany today, are examined historically and ethnomedically. The Kur, now part of a complex system of rehabilitation medicine utilizing medical bathing and environmental stimuli, illustrates divergent ideologies in the contemporary German health care system. The influence of cultural, social, and political-economic factors on therapeutic eclecticism and directions are discussed as cultural dynamics of the biomedical system in general.

Balneology↗
PubMed1991

Conceptual pluralism: A.G.P.A.'s shift from orthodoxy to an "umbrella" organization.

The American Group Psychotherapy Association began in 1942 as an elite, strictly Freudian organization. Its dramatic growth in the 1960s and 1970s was accompanied by much theoretical disagreement and professional "chauvinism." During the past decade, however, the ideological controversy has yielded to pluralism in theory and eclecticism in practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Traditional or transitional medical systems? Pharmacotherapy as a case for analysis.

Questions have been raised about the validity of labels such as 'western', 'alternative', and 'traditional' as applied to medical systems. This study shows that the rubric 'traditional' may be validly applied to clusters of medical systems sharing common elements that distinguish them from 'western' systems. At the same time, pluralism in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures must be recognized even within each system. The discussion in this paper analyzes explanatory models, drawing mainly from Asian examples and focussing on pharmaceuticals. A purely cognitive approach may however be insufficient in understanding the different medical systems. A review of socio-historical factors that influence medical systems highlights important processes such as cultural reinterpretation and indigenization that characterize what could be more appropriately described as transitional medical systems. Changes in cultural forms, such as the acceptance of western pharmaceuticals, may still rely on traditional cognitive frames of reference, suggesting eclecticism amid conservatism. Issues of theoretical and practical concern are outlined at the end of the article.

Asia↗
PubMed1996

Impure epistemology and the search for the nervous agent: a case study in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century neurophysics.

In this contribution, I argue for epistemological impurity as the key to the historical reconstruction of the proto-biological sciences of the eighteenth century. The traditional approaches to the more or less complex and more or less stratified past of science either focus on the ideal content of that which has in the meantime been recognized as standard biological knowledge (transmitted from generation to generation by textbooks) or otherwise try to uncover the implicit cognitive principles at work in order to reveal their shortcomings (as measured against today's accepted criteria = epistemological presentism). A closer look at the breakdown of the classical models of mechanistic explanation and the detailed analysis of the new empirico-experimental research in the neurophysiology of the eighteenth century shows, however, that eclectic procedures of various kinds have dominated the field. This eclecticism (the principle of epistemological impurity) supported, and was in turn supported by, what has recently become known as "thinking with one's hand." The paper illustrates this specific kind of thinking (and experimental acting) with reference to the case of Nicolas Le Cat's microphysics of nervous activity.

Biophysics↗
PubMed1992

The potential rejuvenation of American naturopathy as a consequence of the holistic health movement.

Naturopathy is a heterodox professionalized medical system which, in contrast to osteopathy and chiropractic, has received little attention from social scientists, particularly in the United States. This article is an attempt to correct that situation. It focuses on the history of this healing tradition by discussing three stages in the development of American naturopathy: 1) its emergence around the turn of the century; 2) its decline beginning in the late 1930s; and 3) its recent potential rejuvenation, particularly in the Pacific Northwest. The essay concludes that as a consequence of its philosophical and therapeutic eclecticism, naturopathy found itself pre-adapted to the holistic health movement that emerged in American society during the 1970s.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2005

What's an integrationist? A study of self-identified integrative and (occasionally) eclectic psychologists.

We examined the views and practices of self-identified eclectic and integrative psychologists, particularly in the context of historical changes since 1977 and 1988. Results from 187 eclectic clinical psychologists indicated that 50% previously adhered to another theoretical orientation, the majority preferred the term integrative to eclectic, and 85% conceptualized eclecticism/integration as the endorsement of a broader orientation. The most common paths toward integration were theoretical integration, common factors, and assimilative integration, as opposed to technical eclecticism. The most frequent theoretical contributor to integrative practice was cognitive therapy.

Health Personnel↗
PubMed1981

The Castle Hill lunatic asylum (1811-1826) and the origins of eclectic pragmatism in Australian psychiatry.

Australia's first lunatic asylum was improvised in a disused convict barracks. The first doctors were themselves convicts, who were in conflict with a sternly moral lay superintendent. Disturbances, including a murder, occurred among the patients. The Governor restored peace by dismissing the superintendent and abolishing the post of resident doctor but deprivation and dirt prevailed until the asylum was transferred to further makeshift quarters. Primitive colonial times demanded improvisation and flexibility, i.e. eclectic pragmatism. Moreover, Government control of psychiatry over many years tended to curb the growth of any one ideology and so fostered the eclecticism which seems characteristic of Australian psychiatry. A colonial resourcefulness is an asset in work where patients' individual differences can defy any one theoretical framework and remedies must be pragmatic.

Australia↗
PubMed1976

Darwinism and positivism as methodological influences on the development of psychology.

The methodological significance of evolutionary theory for psychology may be distinguished from its substantive or theoretical significance. The methodological significance was that evolutionay theory broadened the current conceptors of scientific method and rendered them relatively independent of physics. It thereby made the application of the "scientific method" to psychology much more feasible than it had been previously, and thus established the possibility of a wide-ranging scientific psychology for the first time. The methodological eclecticism that made scientific psychology possible did not, however, remain a feature of psychology for very long. Psychology's methodology rapidly became restricted and codified through the influence of, and in imitation of, the rigorously positivistic orientation of physics around the turn of the twentieth century.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2002

Blood, politics, and social science. Richard Titmuss and the Institute of Economic Affairs, 1957-1973.

Long before his last book, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, was published in early 1971, Richard M. Titmuss (1907-1973), a professor of social administration at the London School of Economics, had been a major figure in the debates over the welfare state. The Gift Relationship was the culmination of an eventful relationship with the Institute of Economic Affairs, a think tank that advocated the extension of rational pricing to social services. By arguing that the British system of blood procurement and distribution, based on free giving within the National Health Service, was more efficient than the partly commercialized American system, Titmuss intended to signal the dangers of the increasing commercialization of society. What made for the impact of his book, however, was not merely its argument that transfusion-transmitted infections were much more common with paid than with voluntary donors, but also its reflections on what it is that holds a society together. And here Titmuss argued that a "socialist" social policy, by encouraging the sense of community, played a central role. The eclecticism of Titmuss's work, together with its strong ethical and political flavor, makes it a rich and original account of the "social" at a time when heated debated over social policy, both in Britain and in the United States, raised the question of the division of labor among the social sciences.

Altruism↗