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Results for “Economic Development--history”

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17 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

Secular changes in the short-term preventive, positive, and temperature checks to population growth in Europe, 1460 to 1909.

"Annual variations in births, marriages, deaths, grain prices, and quarterly temperature series in England, France, Prussia, and Sweden [for the period 1460-1909] are analyzed using a distributed lag model. The results provide support for the existence of the short-term preventive, positive and temperature checks to population growth. Decreases in fertility and nuptiality are generally associated with increases in grain prices. Increases in mortality appear to be associated with high grain prices, cold winters and hot summers. Changes in these responses over time are examined within the context of economic development."

Climate↗
PubMed1988

Population growth and economic development in the very long run: a simulation model of three revolutions.

The authors propose an economic model capable of simulating the 4 main historical stages of civilization: hunting, agricultural, industrial, and postindustrial. An output-maximizing society to respond to changes in factor endowments by switching technologies. Changes in factor proportions arise through population growth and capital accumulation. A slow rate of exogenous technical process is assumed. The model synthesizes Malthusian and Boserupian notions of the effect of population growth on per capita output. Initially the capital-diluting effect of population growth dominates. As population density increases, however, and a threshold is reached, the Boserupian effect becomes crucial, and a technological revolution occurs. The cycle is thereafter repeated. After the second economic revolution, however, the Malthusian constraint dissolves permanently, as population growth can continue without being constrained by diminishing returns to labor. By synthesizing Malthusian and Boserupian notions, the model is able to capture the salient features of economic development in the very long run.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1991

[Age distribution and the revolution of a productive economy].

"The author [outlines the] demographic development caused by neolithic revolution which is compared with...demographic development [in modern times]. Paleoanthropological materials beginning from the Mesolithic epoch (Middle Stone Age) are...used." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005).

Presents an obituary for Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005). Before Urie Bronfenbrenner, child psychologists studied the child, sociologists the family, anthropologists the society, economists the economic framework, and political scientists the structure. As the result of Urie's extension of the concept of the ecology of human development, these environments--from the family to economic and political structures--are viewed as part of the life course, embracing both childhood and adulthood. Bronfenbrenner, widely regarded as one of the world's leading scholars in developmental psychology, child rearing, and human ecology--the interdisciplinary domain he helped popularize--died at his home in Ithaca, New York, on September 25, 2005, at the age of 88. He was the Jacob Gould Sherman Professor Emeritus of Human Development and of Psychology at Cornell University, where he spent most of his professional career. A brief biography of Bronfenbrenner is followed by an overview of his published work, his theories and other influential accomplishments.

Child↗
PubMed2004

The economics of follow-on drug research and development: trends in entry rates and the timing of development.

OBJECTIVES: The development of so-called 'me-too', or 'follow-on', drugs by the pharmaceutical industry has been viewed by some as duplicative and wasteful, while others have argued that these drugs often provide needed therapeutic options and inject some price competition into the marketplace. This study examines data on the trends in the speed with which competitive entry has occurred in the pharmaceutical marketplace and the competitive nature of the industry's development of these drugs. DATA AND METHODS: We examined data on the entry rates of drugs in a large number of therapeutic classes over time, as well as detailed survey information on the relative timing of the development of drugs in the classes. Classes were defined according to chemical structure or pharmacologic mode of action and similarity of clinical use. We determined average times to initial and subsequent entry in drug classes by period and examined the timing of development milestones achieved by what have turned out to be follow-on drugs in relation to the development and approval of the first drug in a class to be approved. RESULTS: We found that the period of marketing exclusivity that the breakthrough drug in a new class enjoys has fallen dramatically over time (a median of 10.2 years in the 1970s to 1.2 years for the late 1990 s). Approximately one-third of follow-on new drugs received a priority rating from the US FDA. The vast majority of the follow-on drugs for drug classes that were created in the last decade were in clinical development prior to the approval of the class breakthrough drug. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that entry barriers have fallen over time for new drug introductions. The increased competitiveness of the pharmaceutical marketplace was likely fueled by changes over time on both the supply and demand sides. The development histories of entrants to new drug classes suggest that development races better characterise new drug development than does a model of post hoc imitation. Thus, the usual distinctions drawn between breakthrough and 'me-too' drugs may not be very meaningful.

Drug Approval↗
PubMed1994

Highly prevalent falciparum malaria in north west Guyana: its development history and control problems.

After being absent from North West Guyana for over two decades, falciparum malaria returned in force in 1986 and soon developed a high prevalence affecting a large share of the region's inhabitants. This falciparum upsurge was accompanied by a significant rise in the number of vivax cases that helped bring the annual parasite index to figures ranging from 260 positive smears per 1,000 inhabitants in 1986 to 973 in 1988 and 776 in 1991. The chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum strain responsible apparently travelled from the area of the Rupununi River in Southern Guyana to the more northern Cuyuni/Mazaruni/Potaro area in 1985, and from there was brought into the North West Region, probably by itinerant miners. Circumstances leading to the present endemic demonstrate how transient populations, resistant parasites, and economic restraints can interfere with malaria control, and how rapidly high malaria prevalences can establish themselves in receptive tropical areas vulnerable to attack.

Adolescent↗