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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Indigenous body image amid rapid social and economic change: A reflexive thematic analysis of Wayuu narratives.

The Wayuu, Colombia's largest Indigenous group, are experiencing rapid social, economic, and technological change, including expanding internet access, educational opportunities, and increasing exposure to globalised media. Though the harmful effects of appearance-idealised media imagery on body image are well documented, indigenous body image research remains unevenly distributed across global contexts, with Latin American Indigenous communities particularly underrepresented. This study explored how Wayuu people understand and experience appearance ideals and body image in the context of expanding digital media exposure and rapid sociocultural and economic change. Five focus groups of up to 9 participants were conducted with 29 Wayuu participants (18-68 years; 23 women, 6 men). Using reflexive thematic analysis, three overarching themes were identified: (1) Intersecting sources of appearance pressure: encompassing influences from social media, Wayuu family expectations, and discrimination from non-Indigenous peers; (2) Negotiating and resisting appearance ideals: from body dissatisfaction and restrictive eating to affirmation of cultural identity as protection; and (3) The changing role of appearance in today's Wayuu culture: participants linked globalised appearance ideals to expanding educational opportunities, migration, digital connectivity, and broader socioeconomic transformations occurring within Wayuu territories. While exposure to global ideals fostered comparison and dissatisfaction, cultural pride and collective belonging appeared to buffer against internalised colonial values. Culturally grounded media literacy and education initiatives co-developed with Wayuu communities could foster critical reflection while strengthening heritage. These results highlight the need for decolonial, community-based approaches to body image research and intervention in Indigenous contexts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Australian aboriginal studies. 1. The effect of socio-economic changes on the prevalence of caries in 6-14 year-old children resident at Bathurst Island and Groote Eylandt in the Northern Territory of Australia, 1971.

Investigations carried out on 6--14 year-old Aboriginal children resident at Bathurst Island and Groote Eylandt showed that the Groote Eylandt children had a higher prevalence of dental caries at statistically significant levels. This difference in prevalence was attributed to the greater financial affluence at Groote Eylandt.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Money and mental disorder: toward behavioral cost accounting for primary prevention.

This paper reviews recent retrospective sociological research suggesting that rises as well as falls in the economy are associated with such indicators of mental disorder as suicide and mental hospitalization. The review emphasizes that a lag exists between economic change and the changes in associated mental indicators. It is suggested that these findings hold promise both for early warning for practitioners and for primary prevention. Also described is a survey in four centers of 93 community mental health workers, indicating that such workers are receptive to the use of such economic indicators but not well-informed about them. Suggestions are made for prospective research to relate economic change to mental disorder through such intervening constructs as life change and stress. Such research, it is hoped, would expand the capacities of community psychologists to account for the behavioral costs of economic policy alternatives.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1979

Economic, life, and disorder changes: time-series analyses.

Implicit in recent social science research and political discussions is a model linking the economy to mental disorder through the intervening constructs of life change and trauma. Using time-series analysis of a 16-month survey in Kansas City, Missouri (n = 1,140), economic and noneconomic life events and the Midtown scale were predicted using a variety of economic measures for the standard metropoliton statistical area. Both life event variables and the symptom measure were related positively to unemployment, and absolute economic change measures lagged 1 and 2 months. However, the life event variables were not strongly associated with the Midtown scale. Most striking of the subgroup findings was that, on the Midtown scale, the low-income group was more responsive than the middle-income group to economic fluctuations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Efficacy...what's that??

We need to develop techniques for measuring the usefulness of medical services. If resources are limited, and we cannot do all the diagnostic tests we would like to do, we must be able to select those that are most useful. To do this we need to known how to weigh benefits against risks and how to measure the worth of a given outcome. This article discusses efficacy, in diagnosis, management, and outcome. Diagnostic efficacy of a test is measured by its ability to change the probability of disease (pre- versus post-test likelihood). Management efficacy is a measure of how the test changes patient management. Outcome efficacy, which may take years to evaluate, is the ultimate yardstick of usefulness. Even though there are many problems in estimating the likelihood of a disease (subjectivity, varying terminology, etc.), physicians can make reasonably close estimates, as shown by the American College of Radiology's Efficacy Study, which analyzed the diagnostic process in 9000 cases. Efficacy studies may be a mixed blessing, however, as they may result in overly strict criteria and sweeping economic changes. They may be ignored because of the difficulty in following the "perfect" protocol for a given clinical situation, and it remains to be shown that they themselves are efficacious. Nevertheless, we are finally coming to grips with the question of how useful our tests are in patient management.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1978

The professional values and expectations of medical students.

This paper, presenting the findings from a 1975 survey of first-year medical students in the state of North Carolina, describes medical students' professional orientations by focusing on specific values and expectations which may have relevance for health care problems. The professional orientations concern four problem areas: physicians' relationships with patients, political and economic change in the medical profession, the treatment of women physicians and patients, and geographic and specialty maldistribution of physicians. The data suggest that incoming medical students are concerned with helping people but not necessarily through political means, committed to some geographic and specialty areas of patient need, choosing medicine for reasons other than economic rewards but not opposed to physicians' large income and status, and somewhat unaware of discrimination toward women physicians and patients.

Attitude↗
PubMed1979

The effects of demographic transition on the opportunity for selection: changes during the last century in Italy.

The index of opportunity for selection proposed by Crow has been calculated for the Italian population during the last century. The evolution of its two components, the pre-reproductive mortality and the variance in fertility, has been also analysed and compared with similar data for the United States. The results clearly show the relevance of socio-economic changes to the evolution of selective patterns in our species; in particular the relative incidence of mortality and fertility to selection intensity: the total index has in fact been reduced by 75% during the last century, the relative amount due to fertility increasing from 57 to 89%. The probable different relevance of genetic factors in the two components has also been discussed.

Demography↗
PubMed1992

Homelessness as a determinant of health.

The homeless population in the United States is variously estimated at between 350,000 and 2.5 million. Families and children are among the fastest-growing segments of this population. A combination of social and economic changes occurring nationally have contributed to this phenomenon. Conditions associated with homelessness have a profound effect on the individual's ability to maintain health, to have access to treatment, and to recuperate. Several health problems are specific to the homeless, and have implications for public health practitioners.

Health Services Needs and Demand↗
PubMed1977

Family therapy in the black community.

Black, upwardly mobile families face all the stresses experienced by other families dealing with developmental crises and economic changes, but are subject to the additional strain of discrimination. Support, often unavailable from the community, is received instead from the family and others involved in the kinship network. Treatment strategies designed for the unique situation of the black family are proposed.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1976

Heart rate and arterial blood pressure during exercise in patients with angina pectoris. Effects of training and of nitroglycerin.

In 29 patients with typical exertional angina pectoris, intra-arterial systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR), and the rate-pressure product (RPP = HR X SBP X 10(-2) were continuously recorded during repeated bouts of leg or arm exercise. Development of chest pain was independent of the workload and occurred at a fairly constant value of RPP, of HR, and of SBP in each patient for a given type of exercise, but the pain threshold values for all three variables were consistently higher during arm exercise than during leg exercise. The reproducibility of the pain threshold values was assessed for leg exercise. The variation, based on individual coefficients of variation, ranged from 1.3% to 13% (group mean, about 6%). There was no significant difference between the SBP values obtained by the traditional, noninvasive cuff technique and the values during intra-arterial monitoring. In 25 patients a physical training program of an average of three months increased the maximal amount of work (watt X sec) performed before onset of pain by 100%. The most conspicuous effect of training on cardiac function was a 10% reduction of HR at a given workload, SBP being unchanged. Over-all, the data suggest that the increased exercise capacity caused by training could be accounted for by the reduction in the relation between RPP and external workload. The improvement in exercise capacity resulting from training was on the same level of magnitude as the 90% increase obtained in 11 untrained patients after administration of 0.25 to 0.50 mg of nitroglycerine sublingually prior to exercise. In contrast to the finding after training, nitroglycerin administered to subjects increased HR by 10%, but reduced SBP by 13%, RPP remaining unchanged. Therefore to explain the effect of nitroglycerin on exercise capacity additional economizing changes in myocardial performance (e.g., reduction of heart volume) are required.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Modernism and contraceptive use in Colombia.

This analysis addresses the question of whether fertility can be lowered without the prior occurrence of the social and economic changes that have come to be labeled modernization. The data show that there exists in Colombia a relatively high level of motivation to control fertility that, for many women, is not coupled with both knowledge of and access to a method of contraception. For the "traditional" woman, the problem may not be lack of motivation so much as lack of access to methods that she is aware of, such as the pill, and lack of knowledge of methods that require few resources of supplies, such as rhythm and withdrawal.

Colombia↗
PubMed1992

Obesity and fat distribution in women from Saudi Arabia.

Anthropometric measurements were carried out on 100 women selected randomly from the population of two cities in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. The data obtained in this study were then compared to those reported earlier for European countries. This comparison indicates that the Saudi women are on average more obese than their European counterparts, with a preponderance of abdominal obesity. This is discussed in terms of socio-economic changes which this area has undergone in the last 50 years.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

City studies on nutrition: Bangalore, India.

The size of urban population in developing Asian countries grows at a faster rate than in the developed West. Urban cities in India are being crushed by the onslaught of population growth, migration of rural poor and industrialization, the urbanization in turn inducing social and economic changes. During the decade 1972-81, India's population grew by 25%, urban population by over 40% and that of Bangalore city by 76%. The 1991 Census records the population of Bangalore city at 4.1 million, though the decennial growth rate seems to have begun to decline. The current sex ratio is 900 females to 1000 males with nearly 50% of the population literate and the density of population at 2200 per km2. With the rapidly expanding "conurbation" (continuous urbanization), the number of slum settlements have increased with Bangalore having recorded the highest annual growth rate of 27.4% in its slum population accounting for more than 10% of the share of its population in the slums within the corporation limits. 29% of the population in urban areas in the State is under the poverty line and the percentage under the poverty line may be higher in the city. In this situation the nutrition of the mother and child is most vulnerable. The incidence of low birth weight recorded in a Government Hospital in Bangalore was between 30-40% and the IMR at 47/1000 births. Incidence of child mortality was 5% for children under 1 year and 3% for preschool children. The percent distribution of PEM in preschool children was 41, 31 and 1 for Gomez Grades I, II and III respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Smoking--II. Duration of smoking and factors affecting smoking as a social phenomenon].

According to the poll of 5,555 individuals (91% of the expected number) over 40 years of age, selected from electoral registers in all three districts of the community of Mali Idjos in 1987, the average duration of smoking among active smokers increases with age, divergently with regard to sex. The age of smokers at the time they started smoking increases with age groups, from 22.2 to 33.2 in males and from 28.1 to 49 in females. The onset of smoking in the oldest male group in this rural area occurred in the first years after the war (first land confiscation) while in the group from 70 to 74 years of age it occurred in the years of compulsory crop-purchase system. Agglomeration in the onset of smoking in two male age groups (60-64, 65-69) occurred at the time of the second land confiscation. The onset of smoking among females from all age groups, from 45 years on occurred in the first decade of the sexual revolution (1961-1971). The prevalence of smoking in the studied population was different in previous decades as well. It changes according to social factors: from political and economic changes among males to the changes in women's social status among females.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of nutritional status of male population from mining vocational schools in the Lublin coal basin.

The basic nutritional mistake in Polish population at considerably rare deficiency of proteins and calories is incorrect composition of diet with the excess of animal fat and carbohydrates. Social and economic changes which influence living conditions result in the change of diet whose trends are not always correct. The problem is the quality of food products, contamination of pollution due to industrialization and the use of chemicals in agriculture, and inadequate proportion in the essential food components or supply of the indispensable trace elements. The other problem is overnutrition leading to obesity which is one of risk factors in civilization diseases (8, 11). The nutritional status depends on the level of education and economic situation of different social groups. It is expected that among the pupils of vocational mining schools who usually come from numerous peasant and working class families nutritional mistakes may occur very often. It denotes both malnutrition and incorrect proportion in consumption of proteins, animal fats and carbohydrates. On the other hand, the expected changes in social and economic status due to a good job create new conditions for proper nutrition. An additional factor which should be taken into account are nutritional requirements resulting from specific character of underground work.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Nutritional needs surveys among the elderly--Russia and Armenia, 1992.

The ongoing social, political, and economic changes in the 15 republics of the former Soviet Union have resulted in hyperinflation of the Soviet Union ruble (SUR), regional conflicts, and other hardships for the populations of these republics (1). In January 1992, a public health assessment in Russia indicated that the elderly--most of whom subsist on fixed incomes and among whom the prevalences of decreased mobility or chronic illnesses may be substantial--are at greatest risk because of declining social support. During March-May 1992, CARE, in collaboration with CDC, conducted three surveys in Russia and Armenia to assist in targeting the delivery of food and medical humanitarian aid to the most needy among the elderly. This report summarizes findings from these surveys.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Historical recollections of freeze-drying.

The history of freeze-drying is surprisingly recent. Although Altmann used freeze-drying for the preparation of histological sections as early as 1890, his technique went unnoticed for over 40 years. Shackell independently rediscovered the technique in 1909 for the preservation of biologicals. The industrial applications of freeze-drying do not appear to have been appreciated prior to the patients of Tival in 1927 and Elser in 1934, rapidly followed by the important contributions of Flosdorf in the United States and Greaves in England who were largely responsible for making large scale applications of freeze-drying possible. Stimulated particularly by a series of symposia in England and the United States and the renowned courses on freeze-drying organized by Rey in France, the atmosphere in the 1950s and early 60s was one of optimism for the future of freeze-drying, particularly in its application to food stuffs. Many of the dreams of that time remain unfulfilled, largely because of the higher costs of quality processing. Nevertheless, although the optimism may have somewhat dimmed, the promise remains, and economic changes in the future may well stimulate another surge in development.

Freeze Drying↗