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The effectiveness of health educational measures increases with the time spent for them. A health education which motivates the patients towards personal activity is unequivocally superior to passive forms of health education such as information, instruction and demonstration.
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The article reports on planning, organisation and realisation of measures for the continuing education of female and male nurses of the Westphalian Provincial (Psychiatric) Hospitals as laid down by the Continuing Education Commission of the Landschaftsverband Westfalen-LIppe (a semi-governmental organisation embracing many activities, including the care of psychiatric patients.) The article discusses in detail the teaching aim and the contents of the continuing education programme, the composition of the group of participants, and the mode of working practised in the training course which must be most closely related to actual practice.
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If behaviour changes are taken as a criteria for the effectiveness of alcohol and tobacco education, the results of evaluation research are not encouraging. The unefficiency of alcohol and tobacco education is considered to be caused on the one hand by a too limited concept of education applied to teaching programmes. On the other hand a number of antagonisms between educators and pupils result from not taking into consideration sociocultural facts. At the outset, these antagonisms bring about the failure of measures for alcohol and tobacco education. A number of postulates to overcome the contradictions between educational aims and the expectations of pupils are discussed.
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Evaluating performance of dental students is often accomplished by faculty observation. Ratings are assigned and later translated into scores which form the basis for important decisions such as admission to dental school, course grades, or admission to graduate programs. Situational factors such as variability among faculty observers or day-to-day fluctuations in a student's performance may influence observational ratings. These situational factors can introduce error into the ratings and thereby reduce the dependability of decisions based upon the ratings. Generalizability coefficients are a recent development in educational measurement which can aid the dental educator in evaluating the degree of error present in ratings to be used for a specific purpose. In this study, dental school applicant ratings from an admissions interview are used to demonstrate the usefulness of generalizability coefficients in assessing the impact of interviewer disagreements on decisions based on these scores.
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The objectives for this paper are fourfold. Evaluation is put into perspective, including measurement and assessment, in relation to the curriculum as a whole. The elements included in the evaluation of educational programmes are outlined. The process of evaluation is related to learning abilities in the cognitive, affective, psychomotor and experiential domains. Finally, some conclusions are made about the process of evaluation.
The act which outlined measures for restricting tobacco smoking in Finland took effect on 1 March 1977. This act is presented and its background described. The main regulations provided by the law are: 1) Health authorities administer all tobacco regulation, except taxation; 2) 5% of tobacco taxes are alloted annually to health education research and evaluation; 3) advertising and promotion of tobacco are prohibited; 4) limits on tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide are set by the government; these must be met for a permit to be granted; 5) tobacco products are quality controlled; 6) cigarette packets must bear health warnings; 7) no tobacco products may be sold to persons under sixteen years; 8) they may be sold only from supervised dispensing machines; 9) smoking is prohibited in all public areas, including transport; 10) the Board of Health administers nation-wide education measures. With regard to the latter regulation, some past and projected programmes are described. Initial results of the campaign were limited; further support from taxation and a pricing policy is necessary.
This paper examines inter-provincial female migration in Chile for the 1965--1970 period, with a view to describing socioeconomic characteristics of migrant women and to determining differences and similarities in age, educational level, occupation, and type of move (first, return, or repeat) between movers to the capital and to other urban areas. Data are from a five percent sample of the 1970 Chilean census. Findings reveal that non-return migrants to other urban areas are differentiated from those to Santiago by an older age structure, higher educational levels, higher status occupations, and are more likely to be making a second (or higher-order) move. Moreover, educational measures suggest that recent female migration to urban Chile is more prevalent among the upper than the lower strata of the society.
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The proposed law should concentrate on prophylaxis and educational measures aimed at diseases of public health importance. It should stimulate action on the federal, cantonal and private level and the cooperation of all parties concerned. Where feasible and adequate, finances should be raised from those making preventive and curative actions necessary.
As an experiment in integration, the joint placement of physically handicapped and non-disabled pupils into the regular class settings of a school belonging to the Hessisch-Lichtenau experiment makes special social and educational measures necessary both at school and in the residential home. The main activities have to be directed towards scientific studies of existing problems and their practical solutions. The following article describes the problems arising from the integrational efforts and suggests possible solutions.