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The general educational level and the dental health knowledge are negatively correlated with the DMF index and its M component. They are positively correlated with the number of primarily sound teeth. No correlations could be established between the aforementioned criteria and the D component.
The education of residents is shifting to the ambulatory care setting. In addition, there is a growing trend toward managed care and increasing competition for patients to be served by "real-world" practices. The authors describe the formation and operation of a program that was established in 1981 at the Stanford University School of Medicine to respond to these changes: the Stanford Medical Group (SMG), a model group practice in internal medicine that operates within the academic medical center. Because raising the status of the clinician-educator faculty was a critical issue for the SMG, the authors also describe the Medical Center Professoriate, a separate faculty track created in 1989 to recognize and reward Stanford's clinician-educators. The authors conclude that the SMG has succeeded in its training and patient care goals and has weathered the great changes in the health care environment that have taken place since 1981. They also report that the separate faculty track is serving its purpose well. They hope that educators and program directors at other academic medical centers may find the descriptions of the SMG and the professoriate useful in solving similar problems.
Using data from a large, nationally representative sample, multiple regressions using sex, ethnicity, age and educational status showed that drinking patterns of college students differed significantly from those of dropouts, high school graduates and former college students. College students were more likely to use alcohol but tended to drink less quantity per drinking day than nonstudents of the same age. Sex differences were smaller among college students than among other groups, especially in proportions of abstainers. While whites were most likely to drink if they were in college, among blacks the college students were the least likely to drink. Age had little association with drinking. Conclusions based on in-school samples may not generalize well to nonschool populations and should be tested, if possible, using more representative databases.
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An inverse association between socioeconomic status, as measured by years of education, and blood pressure has been reported in a number of studies. However, two secular trends may have changed the nature of this relation: a higher mean level of education in the population and intervention for high blood pressure in the community. Given that education is the most commonly used indicator of social class and measurement is a critical issue in epidemiologic research, a study was initiated to examine the validity of education for predicting blood pressure among 11,554 examined persons aged 25-74 years from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1976-1980) or the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1982-1984). In univariate analysis, a consistent, inverse association between education and blood pressure was found for whites and blacks, but not for Mexican Americans. After adjustment for age and body mass, the effect persisted only for systolic blood pressure in whites. The association of education and blood pressure was positive in Mexican-American females. Education was inversely related to hypertensive status in whites and in black females. These findings suggest that information on education may be of little value for identifying populations at risk of high blood pressure, particularly if age and body mass are known. However, information on education may be of considerable value in the design and implementation of appropriate interventions.
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Data on marital status, living conditions and social contacts of 2586 elderly persons living in 19 towns from 12 European countries, who were born between 1913 and 1918, and who participated in the Euronut SENECA study on Nutrition of the Elderly in Europe, reflect on the whole a high quality of life in the elderly population of these small traditional European towns. Housing offers adequate comfort in general and many elderly people have access to gardens. In most survey towns the majority of men and women of this age group have at least one child within the town or nearer. In some of the southern and eastern towns 40% or more live with their children. In most survey towns 30-50% of the women live alone (more than 50% in the Danish and Norwegian towns Roskilde and Elverum) but in general social nets are strong enough to prevent the danger of acute isolation. But in four towns (Roskilde/Denmark, Chateau Renault-Amboise/France, Elverum/Norway and Padua/Italy) 10-13% of all women lived alone and did not know a neighbour well enough to call on for help. In three towns (Monor/Hungary, Vila Franca de Xira/Portugal and Marki/Poland) social contacts were distinctly less frequent than in all other towns and participation in community activities virtually non-existent. These were the same towns in which substantial groups reported food budgeting problems. Danger of isolation, however, seemed to be rather low. A high intensity of social contacts and no danger of acute isolation in spite of relatively few available children was noted in the German-speaking town of Switzerland (Burgdorf). Further analyses will have to test whether food consumption or nutritional status is related to any of the studied life-style factors.
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This study aimed to examine the relationships between the educational level and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) total scores and its different items. In a survey dealing with cerebral aging, the MMSE administered 2,792 subjects aged 65 years and over, who continued to live at home. The total score decreased with age and increased markedly when the educational level rose. The proportion of failures was higher than or equal to 10% for 12 of the 30 MMSE items, including the 5 items designed to measure attention ability (serial subtractions) and the 3 ones exploring delayed memory. Regarding these 12 items, the percentage of failures increased homogeneously with age, but the relationship with educational level was heterogeneous: it was very strong for the calculation items, weaker for the delayed memory items. These results pointed to the complex relationships between MMSE scores and educational level, and suggested a possible bias related to the screening tool in dementia surveys.
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Eighty-eight premature children with birth weights less than or equal to 1500 g were evaluated at ages between 7 and 8 years old to determine their academic status in comparison with those of a matched full-term group. Results showed that a much higher proportion of the premature children required special educational interventions (48%) than either the full-term children (15%) or the New York State public elementary school population (10%). More than half of the premature children who received educational intervention were neurologically impaired or had below normal intelligence. The entire group of premature children differed significantly from the matched full-term group on IQ score and on tests of verbal ability, school achievement, and auditory memory. Lower socioeconomic status children performed significantly less well on each type of these measures and on a measure of attention than children of the higher socioeconomic status group. There was an interaction of prematurity and social class on Full Scale IQ, verbal tests, academic achievement, and attention, with lower socioeconomic status premature children scoring lowest on these measures. The subset of premature children normal in both IQ and neurologic status did not differ significantly from a matched normal full-term group on any cognitive measures other than arithmetic ability, but they continued to have significantly lower academic achievement scores.
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Rheumatoid arthritis is a common disorder that depends on the activity of the disease, the severeness of the functional losses, and the degree of suffering from pain. In a study of 817 RA patients it could be shown that the occupational status depends as much on the severing of the disease as on the job status, educational status, and income.
INTRODUCTION: Metabolic syndrome is a chronic disease associated with multiple comorbidities. Over the last few years, machine learning techniques have been used to predict metabolic syndrome. However, studies incorporating demographic, clinical, laboratory, dietary, and genetic factors to predict the incidence of metabolic syndrome in Koreans are limited. In the present study, we propose a genome-wide polygenic risk score for the prediction of metabolic syndrome, along with other factors, to improve the prediction accuracy of metabolic syndrome. METHODS: We developed 7 machine learning-based models and used Cox multivariable regression, deep neural network (DNN), support vector machine (SVM), stochastic gradient descent (SGD), random forest (RAF), Naïve Bayes (NBA) classifier, and AdaBoost (ADB) to predict the incidence of metabolic syndrome at year 14 using the dataset from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) Ansan and Ansung. RESULTS: Of the 5440 patients, 2,120 were considered to have new-onset metabolic syndrome. The AUC values of model, which included sex, age, alcohol intake, energy intake, marital status, education status, income status, smoking status, dried laver intake, and genome-wide polygenic risk score (gPRS) Z-score based on 344,447 SNPs (p-value < 1.0), were the highest for RAF (0.994 [95% CI 0.985, 1.000]) and ADB (0.994 [95% CI 0.986, 1.000]). CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating both gPRS and demographic, clinical, laboratory, and seaweed data led to enhanced metabolic syndrome risk prediction by capturing the distinct etiologies of metabolic syndrome development. The RAF- and ADB-based models predicted metabolic syndrome more accurately than the NBA-based model for the Korean population.
One hundred sixteen healthy black children ages 13 to 59 months, representing high and low socioeconomic deciles, were studied for lactose malabsorption. A fasting lactose tolerance test using 2 g of lactose/kg of body weight was carried out. Glucose was determined at 0, 15, 30, and 60 min. Of the 116 preschoolers 34 (29%) evidenced lactose malabsorption as determined by a blood glucose rise of less than 26 mg/100 ml. Clinical signs of diarrhea, gas, and cramps were noted singly or in combination in 18% of the 34 lactose-malabsorbing children. Of the 82 lactose absorbers, 12% demonstrated similar signs. The nature and length of the initial infant milk feeding failed to show any relationship to the onset of malabsorption. Current milk drinking patterns were reported as being similar. Eight-seven percent of the malabsorbers and 92% of the absorbers report drinking 240 ml or more of milk/day. Socioeconomic status, education, marital status, and medical assistance of the parent is similarly distributed between lactose absorbers and malabsorbers.