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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Effect of the Gulf War on infant and child mortality in Iraq.

BACKGROUND: Increased malnutrition and morbidity among Iraqi children after the onset of the Persian Gulf war have been reported by several fact-finding missions. The magnitude of the effect of the war and the economic embargo on child mortality remains uncertain, however. METHODS: We conducted a survey of 271 clusters of 25 to 30 households each, chosen as a representative sample of the Iraqi population. The households were selected and the interviews conducted by an international team of public health professionals independent of Iraqi authorities. In each household all women 15 to 49 years of age were interviewed, and the dates of birth and death of all children born on or after January 1, 1985, were recorded. RESULTS: The study population included 16,076 children, 768 of whom died during the period surveyed (January 1, 1985, to August 31, 1991). The age-adjusted relative mortality for the period after the war began, as compared with the period before the war, was 3.2 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.8 to 3.7). No material change in the relative risk was observed after adjustment for region of residence, maternal education, and maternal age. The increase in mortality after the onset of the war was higher among children 1 to less than 12 months old (relative risk, 4.1; 95 percent confidence interval, 3.3 to 5.2) and among those 12 to less than 60 months old (relative risk, 3.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.6 to 5.4) than among those less than 1 month old (relative risk, 1.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 2.4). The association between the war and mortality was stronger in northern Iraq (relative risk, 5.3) and southern Iraq (relative risk, 3.4) than in the central areas (relative risk, 1.9) or in Baghdad (relative risk, 1.7). CONCLUSIONS: These results provide strong evidence that the Gulf war and trade sanctions caused a threefold increase in mortality among Iraqi children under five years of age. We estimate that more than 46,900 children died between January and August 1991.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1976

[Patterns of sexual behavior. A study on gynecological patients (author's transl)].

With a standard questionnaire 7356 lying-in patients at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, were asked about their social background and their sexual habits. First of all some statistical facts concerning the frequency of distribution: 20% of all women questioned had their first cohabitation before the age of seventeen. 53% had sexual intercourse with one man, 23% with two, the remainder with more than two men. Quite a number of social characteristics influenced the sexual behavior of women. Thus it was shown that women have their first cohabitation before the age of eighteen the sooner the lower their social status is and the more partners they had. Insufficient contraceptive precautions or the neglect of any contraception were mainly met with women of lower social status. The same correlation could be found between contraceptive behavior on the one hand and the parameters education and strong religious commitment on the other hand. In rural aereas contraceptive measures were used insufficiently or less often then in urban communities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Changing patterns in reported sexual practices in the population: multiple partners and condom use.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the pattern of change with regard to condom use and multiple sexual partners is influenced by gender or educational level. DESIGN: Findings from data collected from 1987 to 1990 about changes in condom use and multiple-partner activities are presented, based on telephone interviews with 9416 participants aged 18 to 44 years resident in central Scotland, UK. METHODS: Change in patterns over time were modelled in a multivariate logistic regression using a linear interactive modelling program. RESULTS: Several models showing changes in the proportion of multiple-partner respondents and condom users yielded a complicated pattern of behavioural change in educational status and gender. CONCLUSIONS: There is a large difference in reported condom use and multiple sexual partners by gender, but the difference is decreasing over time. Better educated respondents increased their use of condoms while less educated respondents showed a decrease in the proportion of multiple partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Female education, age, parity, and reproduction cessation in Ghana.

Data from the 1988 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey is employed to determine the existence of a relationship between the amount of education a woman has and her intent to cease childbearing. The findings are that with increasing levels of education, a female's desire to cease reproduction also increases. However, this relationship is obscured if parity is not controlled.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Menstrual function after tubal sterilization.

More than 10 million women in the United States have undergone tubal sterilization. There has been concern that this procedure may increase the risk of later menstrual dysfunction. The Collaborative Review of Sterilization (CREST) is a large, multicenter, prospective study of tubal sterilization in the United States. This report describes CREST participants who were interviewed immediately before sterilization and again in annual poststerilization interviews for up to 5 years between 1978 and 1988. The authors analyzed reported changes in six menstrual cycle characteristics for 5,070 women undergoing interval sterilizations. Longitudinal, multivariate regression was used to adjust for baseline menstrual function and other potential confounders. Five years after sterilization, 35% of the CREST participants reported high levels of menstrual pain, 49% reported heavy or very heavy menstrual flow, and 10% reported spotting between periods. In contrast to the fifth year, the first year of follow-up was similar to presterilization menstrual function; in the first year, 27% of participants reported high menstrual pain, 41% reported heavy menstrual flow, and 7% reported spotting. These findings may be affected by aging of the cohort and other study limitations, but they suggest that if tubal sterilization leads to changes in menstrual function, such changes may take some time to develop.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Child anthropometry in cross-sectional surveys in developing countries: an assessment of the survivor bias.

In cross-sectional surveys, the sample of children with anthropometric measurements is not representative of all children in a birth cohort, since only children surviving to the survey date are measured. This survivor bias may have implications for studies of trends and differentials in anthropometric indicators. In this paper, the effects of the survivor bias on the estimates of child anthropometric indicators are assessed by 1) reviewing evidence from longitudinal studies on the prevalence of malnutrition among deceased children and among surviving children and by 2) analyzing retrospective data on child mortality and cross-sectional data on child anthropometry in 17 national surveys that are part of the Demographic and Health Surveys Program. It is concluded that comparisons of anthropometric data across geographic units, population subgroups, and calendar time are marginally affected by the survivor bias, unless mortality differences between the birth cohorts are very large (e.g., well over 50 per 1,000 births).

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1992

Predictors of repeat pregnancy outcome among black and Puerto Rican adolescent mothers.

This prospective study investigated predictors of repeat pregnancies by 12 months after the delivery of a first child and their outcomes in inner-city adolescent mothers. The sample included four groups: those who had therapeutic abortions, miscarriages, full-term deliveries, and no repeat pregnancy. The therapeutic abortion group had more pregnancies before their first delivery (41%) than did full term (20%) and no repeat (15%), p less than .01. More delayed grade placement was found in therapeutic abortion -1.6 years (1.3) and full term -1.8 years (.9) than in no repeat pregnancy -.6 years (1.1), p less .001. Reading achievement scores were higher in no repeat 86.3 (17.1) than in full term 75.0 (16.5), p less than .05. School attendance was higher in no repeat (65%) than in therapeutic abortion (35%) and full-term (24%) p less than .01 groups. Depressive symptoms at baseline were higher among therapeutic aborters 18.9 (9.9) than among full term 10.2 (8.2) and no repeat pregnancy groups 12.2 (6.2). Logistic regression analyses identified delayed grade placement as the most important predictor of pregnancy outcome.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between previous elective abortions and postpartum depressive reactions.

To test the hypothesis that primiparas who have had a previous elective abortion will have a higher incidence of depressive reactions postpartum than will primiparas who have not, 48 women pregnant for the first time and 25 who had had one abortion were interviewed six to eight weeks postpartum. No significant difference in the incidence of depression between the two groups could be found. In addition, when associations between their mean depression scores and other variables such as planned pregnancy, preferred infant sex, identified obstetrical problems, help at home, experiencing the baby blues, and an identified recent sad life event were calculated, no significant differences were noted. Spontaneous comments from the previously aborted women suggested that anxiety during pregnancy concerning the infant's health was a greater source of discomfort than was postpartum depression.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The association of AIDS education and sex education with sexual behavior and condom use among teenage men.

According to a 1988 nationally representative survey, most 15-19--year-old men in the United States have received formal instruction about AIDS (73%), birth control (79%) and resisting sexual activity (58%). Results of multivariate analyses show the receipt of AIDS education and sex education to be associated with modest but significant decreases in the number of partners and the frequency of intercourse in the year prior to the survey. Having received instruction in these topics was also associated with more consistent condom use. Instruction in some topics was associated with increases in knowledge and attitudes about AIDS, but these increases were not always correlated with safer behavior.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Characteristics of fragile X relatives with different attitudes toward terminating an affected pregnancy.

Female relatives of individuals with fragile X syndrome were asked whether they would terminate an affected pregnancy. Women were grouped according to how they answered this question and compared according to demographic characteristics, knowledge about the syndrome, perception of their risk for having an affected child, factors they considered important in family-planning decisions, and the magnitude of individual problems they perceived to be associated with raising an affected child. Important differences were identified between women willing to consider abortion and those who would not abort and between women who indicated what they would do and those who were unsure.

Abortion, Eugenic↗