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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1979

The Rift Valley fever epizootic in Egypt 1977-78. 2. Ecological and entomological studies.

Epidemiological factors related to the introduction, spread and maintenance of Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus were studied during the 1977-78 epizootic in Egypt, Culex pipiens is the most ubiquitous and prevalent mosquito species in the Nile Valley and Delta. Isolation of RVF virus from unengorged C. pipiens, and demonstration of laboratory transmission of the virus by this species, strongly implicate it as the chief vector in Egypt. Virus transmission to man also occurs by contamination when handling infected meat and by inhaling natural virus aerosols. Wild rodents apparently do not serve as RVF virus reservoirs. Domestic sheep, cattle, buffaloes, camels, goats, donkeys and dogs act as amplifying hosts. Over 30% of the camels sampled at the southern border of Egypt were serologically positive for antibodies to RVF virus and it appears likely that the virus was introduced into Egypt, either by these animals or by other vehicles from the south.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Studies of the relationship between Schistosoma and their intermediate hosts. III. The genus Biomphalaria and Schistosoma mansoni from Egypt, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda, West Indies (St. Lucia) and Zaire (two different strains: Katanga and Kinshasa).

The compatibility between strains of Schistosoma mansoni from Egypt, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda, the West Indies, and Zaire (two strains which came from Katanga and from Kinshasa), and various species and strains of Biomphalaria, i.e. Biomphalaria pfeifferi, B. alexandrina, B. glabrata and B. camerunensis was investigated. Data as mortality, rate of infection of the surviving snails, duration of infection, cercarial production per day per positive snail, etc., were observed. The main emphasis was placed on determining the total cercarial production per 100 exposed snails for each snail population. It was possible to infect all the tested populations of B pfeifferi with the various strains of S. mansoni, but the observation as e.g. TCP/100 exposed snails varied greatly according to the population of snail and the strain of S. mansoni. The results for the remaining species of Biomphalaria varied greatly, depending on the combination, e.g. B. alexandrina was only susceptible to the local S. mansoni from Egypt. The highest TCP/100 exposed snails was more than 1 million for the strains of S. mansoni from Egypt, Kenya and the West Indies in B. alexandrina, B. pfeifferi and B. glabrata, respectively. The next group, with a TCP/100 exposed snails on 7--800 000 consists of S. mansoni from Sudan, Uganda and Zaire (Katanga) all in B. pfeifferi. The last tested strain of S. mansoni, Zaire (Kinshasa) yielded a cercarial production on 500 000 per 100 exposed snails in B. pfeifferi and B. camerunensis. The shortest prepatent period, 19 days, was observed for S. mansoni from Kinshasa, Zaire, in B. camerunensis, and the longest prepatent period, 25 days, was found for strains from Egypt and from the West Indies in B. alexandrina and B. glabrata, respectively. In general, a very long duration of infection, lasting up to 200 days, was observed.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Race identification of Pseudomonas solanacearum E. F. Smith in Egypt.

Twenty one isolates of Pseudomonas solanacearum E. F. Smith, which does not occur on hosts other than potato in Egypt, obtained from diseased potato tubers, were collected from different localities in Egypt and used in this study. These 21 isolates were found pathogenic to potato plants, but they were not pathogenic to tobacco and banana plants. All the 21 isolates caused only a yellowish discoloration of the infiltrated area of tobacco leaves by 48 hrs after inoculation and produced low melanin pigments on a tyrosine agar medium. These results indicate that the obtained isolates belong to Race 3. Biochemical studies, performed on five representative isolates, indicated that they all belong to the biochemical biotype II. The results obtained in the present investigation appear to be the first record of P. solanacearum races in Egypt.

Egypt↗

PubMed2025

Phenotype-genotype discordance in antimicrobial resistance profiles of Gram-negative uropathogens recovered from catheter-associated urinary tract infections in Egypt.

OBJECTIVES: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are among the most common healthcare-associated infections in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), but there are few resistome data available for relevant uropathogens. The goal of this study was to characterize the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes and genotypes of a large collection of Gram-negative bacteria recovered from CAUTIs in a hospital in Mansoura, Egypt. METHODS: Phenotypic AMR profiles and whole-genome sequence data were generated for 132 isolates. Resistomes were predicted using ResFinder, CARD and AMRFinder. Similarity of uropathogen genomic data was determined using sourmash (kmer signatures). Escherichia coli genomic data were subject to a pangenome analysis using Panaroo. RESULTS: Sixty-seven E. coli (Phylogroup B2; 53.7%, 36/67), 14 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 11 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 9 Proteus mirabilis, 8 Providencia spp., 5 Enterobacter hormaechei and 18 rare CAUTI-associated isolates were identified. Several (22/132) isolates were multidrug-resistant, while almost half (62/132) were extensively drug-resistant. Phenotype-genotype discordance was found to be an important consideration in resistome studies in Egypt, with a total concordance of 91% (1115/1225), 85.7% (1273/1485) and 80.5% (1196/1485) for ResFinder, CARD and AMRFinder, respectively. Pseudomonas, at the species level, exhibited the greatest discordance. At the antimicrobial level, meropenem was subject to greatest discordance. New AMR variants were found for Egypt for Pseudomonas (blaOXA-486, blaOXA-488, blaOXA-905, blaIMP-43, blaPDC-35, blaPDC-45, blaPDC-201) and E. coli (blaTEM-176, blaTEM-190). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that there is phenotype-genotype discordance in AMR profiling among CAUTI isolates, highlighting the need for comprehensive approaches in resistome studies. We also show the genomic diversity of Gram-negative uropathogens contributing to disease burden in a little-studied LMIC setting.

Egypt↗

PubMed1978

[Seroepidemiological investigations in domestic ruminants from Egypt, Somalia and Jordan for the demonstration of complement fixing antibodies against Rickettsia and Chlamydia (author's transl)].

1450 random serum samples of domestic ruminants from Egypt, Somalia and Jordan were investigated for complement fixing antibodies against Rickettsia and Chlamydia. Between 1.5 and 3.4% of the samples from the animals investigated had antibodies against the RMSF-group of Rickettsia, with exception of the sera from Somalian cattle and sheep from Jordan. Antibodies against Rickettsia of the Typhus-group were found in 4 cattle and 1 goat from Jordan and 2 sheep from Egypt; by agglutination test with type-specific antigen they were identified as antibodies against R. typhi. Using 2 different antigens, antibodies against Coxiella burnetii were found in every population tested. The prevalence was 2.0 to 12.2%, with the exception of cattle in Somalia, where only 1 positive serum (0.2%) was found. 27% of the serum samples from Jordan and 22% from Egypt but none of the 802 samples from Somalia had antibodies against Chlamydia. The results are discussed under an epidemiological point of view.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Rabies in the Arab Republic of Egypt: III. Enzootic rabies in wildlife.

Five hundred and thirty-two rodents (10 species) and 112 other wild mammals (six species) were examined for rabies infections in Egypt. Rabies virus was isolated from the brains of three (1-2%) of 249 Gerbils, Gerbillus gerbillus and one (1-8%) of 56 foxes, Vulpes species. In neutralization tests these isolates were found to be identical to classical rabies virus. Significant numbers of rodent and other wild mammal species need to be examined before they may be excluded as possible reservoirs of rabies virus in Egypt. Based on initial findings it may be wise to reevaluate antirabies treatment for rodent bites occurring within the Arab Republic of Egypt.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

The Rift Valley fever epizootic in Egypt 1977-78. 1. Description of the epizzotic and virological studies.

From October to December 1977, an extensive epizootic occurred in Egypt resulting in abortions and increased mortality in domestic animals, and severe clinical disease with fatalities in man. Rift Valley Fever (RVF) virus was isolated and identified as the causative agent. In humans, acute febrile, encephalitic, ocular and fatal haemorrhagic diseases were documented as resulting from RVF virus infection. A retrospective serological survey indicated RVF was recently introduced into the area. The 1977 epizootic extensively involved five Governorates. In the summer and autumn of 1978, epizootic RVF reappeared in Egypt and spread to previously uninfected areas. Virological, serological and epidemiological studies, and factors related to the spread of RVF are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Whole-genome profiling of antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants in extensively-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates causing ventilator associated pneumonia in Egypt.

Among critically ill ICU patients under prolonged mechanical ventilation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), with antimicrobial pressure leading to emergence of multidrug, extensively drug and pandrug-resistant (PDR) strains. In Egypt, very little genomic data exist on P. aeruginosa associated with VAP. This study aimed at characterizing the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants, virulence repertoire, MGEs, and sequence types of two highly drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, including one pandrug-resistant colistin-resistant isolate and one extensively drug-resistant colistin-susceptible isolate from respiratory tract of Egyptian ICU patients suffering from VAP. The two isolates were identified conventionally and confirmed to the species level using MALDI-TOF MS. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the VITEK-2 Compact system and the broth microdilution method. Genome analysis was performed using PATRIC, ResFinder, CARD, and Mobile Element Finder. For both isolates, resistance was found to all antibiotics routinely tested, however, one isolate had high-level colistin resistance (MIC > 64 µg/mL), while the other isolate was still colistin susceptible. Whole-genome sequencing identified two rare sequence types, ST2023 and ST2685, both 6.5-7.6 Mb in size with a 66% GC content. The presence of 21 MGEs in the SRR36105565 genome shows that it has high genomic flexibility, including a broader resistome than other strains, such as blaVIM-2 and OXA variants, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, crpP, and disinfectant-resistance markers. Both isolates retained large virulence determinants including Type III and Type VI secretion systems, alginate regulation genes, quorum-sensing networks, and siderophore biosynthesis clusters. It also represents one of the first genomic studies of VAP associated PDR P. aeruginosa from Egypt. The combination of widespread AMR with intact virulence supports the potential value of future genomic surveillance efforts and improved antimicrobial stewardship in local ICUs.

Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated↗

PubMed1979

Antibodies to Rift Valley fever virus in Swedish U.N. soldiers in Egypt and the Sinai.

Swedish United Nations Emergency Forces soldiers serving in Egypt and the Sinai peninsula were serologically tested for hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus. Eight of 170 were positive. RVF has not been reported outside Africa, and a survey of 500 Swedish soldiers who had not served in the Middle East or Africa revealed no RVF virus antibodies. There were extensive RVF epidemics in Egypt in 1977 and 1978, and it is considered that these serologically positive soldiers contracted RVF disease while on duty in the Middle East.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infections in Egypt. IV. Hepatic lesions.

We performed 400 consecutive autopsies in Cairo, Egypt. The intensity of schistosome infection in these cases was measured by counting adult worms recovered by perfusion and dissection and by counting eggs in the tissues of infected cases. Symmers' clay pipestem fibrosis of the liver was clearly related to the presence and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni, but not S. haematobium, infection. Morphologic findings in cases with Symmers' fibrosis were comparable to those in Brazilian cases, and the intensity of S. mansoni infection associated with Symmers' fibrosis was similar in Brazil and Egypt. The fine bilharzial periportal fibrosis described by Hashem was not identified in our material, and Symmers' fibrosis was present in all cases of portal hypertension caused by schistosomiasis. Schistosome eggs were found concentrated in areas of portal fibrosis of cases with Symmers' fibrosis. In the absence of Symmers' fibrosis, eggs did not concentrate in large portal areas regardless of the intensity of infection or the presence of lesser degrees of portal fibrosis. We thus feel it unlikely that Symmers' fibrosis is formed by the fusion of fibrotic granulomas around the schistosome eggs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Psychiatric symptomatology in Egypt.

Various works on psychiatric morbidity in Egypt are reviewed. The main clinical symptomatology of schizoprenia, affective disorders, hysteria and obsessional disorders is described. The differences in the presentation of symptoms in Egypt as compared to western conditions is discussed.

Affective Symptoms↗

PubMed1978

The first record of Angiostrongylus cantonensis from Egypt.

In this paper the first record of the medically important nematode parasite, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, is made from Egypt. A survey of eight species of freshwater gastropods collected from natural water courses and of three species of wild rats caught from the same areas revealed respectively, that the ampullarid snail Lanistes carinatus acts as the intermediate host transmitting this parasite, and that the rat Rattus norvegicus is its definitive host. The life cycle of the parasite was successfully completed through experimental infection of laboratory bred albino rats with third-stage larvae, obtained from the above mentioned snail intermediate host. A morphological description of the adult worms and of all larval stages of the parasite is given.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Chemical analysis of linseed meal produced in Egypt.

Representative samples of linseed meal were collected from the productive nineteen oil mills of Egypt. The averages of nutrients in the mentioned samples were 6.55 +/- 0.22, 93.45 +/- 0.22, 11.19 +/- 0.60, 26.97 +/- 0.59, 11.18 +/- 0.43, 36.10 +/- 0.60, 8.00 +/- 0.38, 0.39 +/- 0.03 and 0.89 +/- 0.04 for moisture, dry matter, ether extract, crude protein, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, ash, calcium and phosphorus respectively. The average of the calculated calorific value was 435.81 +/- 3.16 kcal per 100 gram of the meal.

Egypt↗

PubMed1979

Efficacy of oxfendazole against naturally acquired gastro-intestinal nematode infestations in buffaloes in Egypt.

The benzimidazole anthelmintic, oxfendazole, was used as an oral suspension at 4.5 and 2.8 mg/kg to treat naturally infested indigenous buffaloes in Egypt. Worms of the genera Haemonchus, Cooperia, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Chabertia and Oesophagostomum were identified in the animals prior to treatment. A 100% reduction in faecal egg counts was obtained at the 4.5 mg/kg level when compared to untreated control animals. Reductions in faecal egg counts greater than 90% were recorded at 2.8 mg/kg and these exceeded reductions obtained by drenching with the older benzimidazole anthelmintic, thiabendazole, at 67 and 111 mg/kg.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Cellulose-decomposing fungi of salt marshes in Egypt.

Seventy-five species and three varieties which belong to thirty-four genera were identified from 74 soil samples collected from salt marshes in Egypt. The most frequent fungi were Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium herbarum and Alternatia alternata, followed by Aspergillus terreus, Curvularia spicifera and Penicillium notatum. Six genera were of moderate occurrence: Penicillium, Fusarium, Curvularia, Rhizopus, Stachybotrys, and Chaetomium. Five genera were of low occurrence: Paecilomyces, Cephalosporium, Epicoccum, Mucor and Myrothecium.

Cellulose↗

PubMed2025

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Three Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Strains from Dogs and Humans in Egypt.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an opportunistic pathogen that is largely associated with canine hosts but is becoming more widely recognized as a zoonotic pathogen. Understanding its genetic and phenotypic properties, such as virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, is critical for infection control and vaccine development. In this study, we isolated and molecularly characterized three S. pseudintermedius isolates from dogs (hereafter referred to as S. pseudintermedius D8) and humans (hereafter referred to as S. pseudintermedius H10 and S. pseudintermedius H11) in Egypt. All three isolates showed 100% sequence identity with the nuc gene of the S. pseudintermedius SP_11304-3A reference genome. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed novel sequence types (STs) in the three isolates. The AMR determinants varied substantially among the isolates. While the mecA gene was absent, blaZ was detected in the canine isolate, indicating beta-lactamase-mediated penicillin resistance. Additionally, tetK and tetM genes were found conferring tetracycline resistance in different isolates. Resistance genes for aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, fusidic acid, macrolides, streptothricin, and trimethoprim were also identified. All isolates were positive for key virulence genes, including immune evasion (AdsA), coagulase (coa), immunoglobulin-binding protein (sbi/spsK), exfoliative toxin (speta), enterotoxins (se-int and siet), fibrinogen binding protein gene (fnbB), and two-component pore-forming leukocidin genes (lukF and lukS). The S. pseudintermedius H11 isolate uniquely harbored the neuraminidase gene (nanB), while none of the isolates contained the gene coding for immunoglobulin G binding protein (spsQ). These findings highlight the differences in virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes among these S. pseudintermedius isolates, underlining the need for global surveillance and molecular characterization of this pathogen.

Dogs↗

PubMed2026

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with nocturnal enuresis among children in a tertiary care center in Cairo, Egypt: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is a significant pediatric health concern that warrants increased attention from healthcare providers, educators, and society. This study aimed to determine the frequency of NE among children attending a tertiary care center in Cairo, Egypt, and to explore their sociodemographic characteristics and associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1587 children aged 6-16 years attending a tertiary care center in Cairo from December 2022 to February 2024. Data were obtained from parents via a structured questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics. Sleep problems were assessed via the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the odds ratio and identify factors associated with NE. RESULTS: The total prevalence of NE among children attending a tertiary care center was 333 (21%). Our results indicated that being female and being older were associated with a lower likelihood of NE. Low socioeconomic status (OR = 5.559; 95% CI = 1.24-24.88), stressful events (OR = 3.697; 95% CI = 1.73-7.88), a family history of NE (OR = 26.231; 95% CI = 8.617-79.85), and sleep problems (OR = 13.233; 95% CI = 6.082-28.793) were associated with increased odds of NE. Furthermore, consuming caffeinated drinks before sleep, the presence of urinary tract infections, and intestinal infestations were also associated with NE. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study confirm the multifactorial etiology of NE and identify several associated factors. Integrating these factors into screening and management programs may improve early identification and lead to more effective, tertiary care-specific preventive and therapeutic interventions.

Humans↗

PubMed1976

Toxicity of Aspergillus flavus cultures isolated from Egypt.

Aflatoxin produced by 61.14% of the Aspergillus flavus cultures, isolated from Egypt. A wide potential range for aflatoxins B and G groups was obvious among the isolates. The concentration of aflatoxin B, produced by toxigenic cultures, ranged from 1,500 to 81,000 p.p.b. (mug/kg substrate), corresponding to 1,900 to 184,000 p.p.b. for aflatoxin G. However, 7.59% of the isolates produced more than 50,000 p.p.b. of aflatoxins B + G.

Aflatoxins↗