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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Electrolyte levels and net fluid and electrolyte movements in the gastrointestinal tract of weanling swine.

Electrolyte concentrations, osmolality and pH were determined in conventionally raised weanling swine fed a liquid diet. Incorporation of a dilution marker into the diet in combination with frequent feeding enabled estimations as to the sites of relative fluid and electrolyte absorption and secretion along the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike many other species the weanling pig depends largely on its large intestine for absorption of fluid and electrolytes with small changes in net fluid movement occurring along the jejunal and ileal segments. Additional observations included the absorption of water by the porcine stomach which increased dilution marker concentration by approximately twofold and the high osmolality values recorded in the small and large intestine. The implications of these observations are discussed with regard to pathogenesis of colibacillary diarrhea in the weanling pig.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effect of propranolol on ricinoleic acid- and deoxycholic acid-induced changes of intestinal electrolyte movement and mucosal permeability. Evidence against the importance of altered permeability in the production of fluid and electrolyte accumulation.

Hydroxy fatty acids and bile acids produce both intestinal fluid and electrolyte accumulation and increases in inulin clearance, a parameter of mucosal permeability. The relationship of the changes in mucosal permeability to the production of fluid and electrolyte accumulation is uncertain. These experiments were designed to determine whether the alterations of mucosal permeability produced by ricinoleic acid and deoxycholic acid were related to production of hydroxy fatty acid- and bile acid-induced fluid and electrolyte accumulation in the rat colon. Propranolol (1 mg per 100 g of body weight) administered daily for 3 days inhibited ricinoleic acid- and deoxycholic acid-induced Na and water accumulation. In contrast, propranolol did not affect either the increase in inulin clearance or the decrease in electrical potential difference produced by ricinoleic acid and deoxycholic acid. Further, amphotericin B increased inulin clearance by the colon and also increased water and Na absorption. These studies suggest that changes in mucosal permeability are not primarily responsible for hydroxy fatty acid- and bile acid-induced fluid and Na accumulation.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed1976

[Variations of glucose, fructose, sorbite and electrolyte concentration following intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of sorbite-electrolyte solution to cattle and sheep].

Different quantities of sorbite-electrolyte solution were intravenously administered to eight heads of cattle and four heads of sheep (application values being 50 g sorbite, 0.3049 g MgCl2-6H2O, 0.3728 g KCl, 0.5477 g CaCl2-6H2O, 5.265 g NaCl, 6.804 g sodium acetate-3H2O with 1,000 ml distilled water). Different rises of sorbite, fructose, and glucose were recorded from the blood plasma. Certain manifestations of incompatibility and intolerance phenomena were observed, among them increase of cardiorespiratory activity and muscular tremor. Those findings were obtained primarily from animals which exhibited also strong rise in glucose concentration. One of the sheep died. Larger quantities of solution (2,000 ml or 4,000 ml) were intraperitoneally applied to ten heads of cattle and tolerated by them with no reaction. Sorbite in blood plasma usually reached its maximum two or three hours from application, however, without any rise of fructose or glucose. Slow drip infusion or intraperitoneal infusion are the techniques recommended for application of the above sorbite-electrolyte solution to ruminants.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Mean activity coefficients for the simple electrolyte in aqueous mixtures of polyelectrolyte and simple electrolyte. V. Common counterion mixtures of alkali-metal dextransulfates with alkali metal chlorides.

Mean molal activity coefficients of simple electrolyte in aqueous solutions of Li, Na, K or Cs salts of dextransulfate (DS) with added LiCl, NaCl, KCl or CsCl are reported. The measurements were carried out by means of an electrochemical cell method using a cation exchange membrane as cation selective electrode and Ag/AgCl electrodes. For LiDS-LiCl, NaDS-NaCl and CsDS-CsCl systems the polymer concentration, mp, was varied from 0.0088 to 0.113 m and at a given mp the ratio X of the polymer to salt concentration was varied from 0.5 to 16. Due to the insolubility of KDS in high concentration of KCl, the measurements on KDS-KCl system were performed in the mp range of 0.0088--0.089 m and some of the smaller X values were omitted. The activity coefficient results are compared to Manning's limiting laws, the additivity rule, and to new limiting laws. The additivity rule can give an excellent representation of the data for all mp values when gammap is used as an adjustable parameter.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1977

Electrolyte and acid-base disturbances in the management of leukemia.

Electrolyte disturbances in leukemia can be the result of the disease process or drug therapy. One group of electrolyte abnormalities is related to the stage of the leukemic process. Included in this group are newly diagnosed patients who may show elevated serum potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium--a result of their release from malignant cells after cytotoxic therapy or their accumulation due to urate nephropathy. Patients in remission usually have normal serum electrolyte concentrations, but acute leukemia patients during relapse may have hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia. This imbalance may be related to cellular uptake of these electrolytes in the presence of inadequate dietary intake. Other factors contributing to electrolyte derangements, and related to the leukemic process, include hyponatremia and hypochloremia secondary to the SIADH, hypokalemia in acute monocytic or acute myelomonocytic leukemia due to lysozyme-induced tubular damage, hypercalcemia possibly secondary to leukemic infiltration of bone or parathyroid glands (with PTH release), or production of a PTH-like substance by leukemic cells. Nonspecific factors related to the disease process which may aggravate the electrolyte imbalance include gastrointestinal loss through nausea, vomiting, and malnutrition. The drug-related electrolyte abnormalities include cyclophosphamide- and vincristine-induced SIADH; decreased serum sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium concentrations as a result of polymyxin B nephrotoxicity; hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia secondary to amphotericin B; hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and hyperphosphaturia due to L-asparaginase-induced hypoparathyroidism; hypokalemia due to a nonreabsorbable anion effect of antibiotics in the distal tubule or changes in membrane ionic transport of all cells by large doses of antibiotics. Electrolyte disturbance in leukemia thus have a multifactorial pathogenesis which can best be delineated according to the stage of the leukemic process and the drugs being used. Recognition of the cause or causes in a particular patient is essential for an effective approach to management. This review emphasizes the need for routine measurement of serum electrolytes during all phases of the leukemic process.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗
PubMed1975

Effects of strong electrolyte upon the activity of Clostridium perfringens sialidase toward sialyllactose and sialoglycolipids.

Clostridium perfringens sialidase was purified by affinity chromatography. Kinetic properties of the enzyme were examined with sialyllactose and with mixed sialoglycolipids (gangliosides) as substrates. With the latter substrate in 0.01 M Tris-acete in the absence of strong electrolyte, the pH optimum for enzymatic activity was 6.8. Addition of strong electrolyte (0.01 to 0.10 M Nac1) to the reaction medium caused an acidic shift and a broadening of the pH optimum, Enzymatic activity at pH 5.8 rose approximately 2.5-fold; a concomitant loss of activity at pH 6.8 was also observed. The alteration of enzymatic activity caused by strong electrolyte were dependent upon changes in Vmax. Km remained nearly invariant. Thus, a reversible transition of the enzyme from a relatively inactive to a highly active form occurred as a function of strong electrolyte concentration. Determination of the pK values of the active functional groups of C. perfringens sialidase revealed that the effects of strong electrolyte were exerted upon the pKa group of the enzyme. Strong electrolyte appeared to shield unfavorable electrostatic interactions between polyanionic sialoglycolipid micelles and the enzyme molecule, thus protecting the pKa group from inactivation. In comparision with the effects of strong electrolyte upon enzymatic activity toward the sialoglycolipid substrate, those observed with the monovalent substrate, sialyllacthose, were minor. Collectively, these findings indicate that ionic environment may effectively control the activity and relative substrate specificity of C. perfringens sialidase at a given pH. Furthermore, they explain the low pH optima and skewed pH profiles previously reported for enzymatic activity toward high molecular weight substrates.

Clostridium perfringens↗
PubMed2025

Ambient-Stable and Resilient Glycerogel Electrolytes for Flexible Solid-State Supercapacitors.

Hydrogel electrolytes are increasingly used for flexible solid-state supercapacitors emerged as promising power sources due to their similarity to aqueous electrolytes. However, their performance is limited by evaporation or freezing in challenging weather, restricting their practical applications. This study introduces a flexible glycerogel electrolyte with antidrying and antifreezing properties, offering exceptional durability under harsh conditions. Inspired by the role of glycerol and electrolytes in electrodermal activity of biological tissue, eco-friendly NaCl and hygroscopic glycerol are incorporated into a stretchable hydrogel matrix. The resulting glycerogel electrolyte retained hydration in the open air for 180 days. It also exhibited stable conductivity under extreme temperatures (-20 to 60 °C) and low-pressure conditions (∼2.4 kPa). A fibrous solid-state supercapacitor assembled using carbon nanotube yarns delivered a maximum gravimetric capacitance of 148 F·g-1 at 0.5 A·g-1. Notably, the device maintained 94%, 86%, and 90% of its initial capacitance after 30 days of exposure to -20 °C, 60 °C, and low-pressure conditions, respectively, without encapsulation. To demonstrate practical utility, this fibrous supercapacitor was integrated into the ear loop of a facial mask, enabling heat-induced sanitization that killed 99.999% of bacterial cells. This glycerogel electrolyte provides a sustainable, versatile solution for powering future wearable electronic devices across diverse environmental conditions.

Electric Capacitance↗
PubMed1978

Intestinal transport of weak electrolytes: Determinants of influx at the luminal surface.

The determinants of weak electrolyte influx into everted segments of rat small intestine have been studied. Preliminary experiments showed that the observed influxes could be described as unidirectional, diffusional fluxes of the nonionized compound uncomplicated by a parallel ionic component. It is shown that the determinants of weak electrolyte influx in this situation may be described in terms of the resistance of the unstirred layer to movement from the bulk phase to the cell surface, the degree of ionization of the weak electrolyte at the cell surface, and the cellular permeability to the nonionized weak electrolyte. Quantitative considerations indicated that the unstirred layer was totally rate-limiting in the cases of some poorly ionized, or highly permeant compounds, but the unstirred layer was not totally rate limiting for most of the compounds studied. Calculation of cellular permeabilities for the nonionized forms of weak electrolytes required assumptions to be made concerning the pH value in the surface fluid layer. A uniform set of permeability data including both weak acids and weak bases was obtained only when it was assumed that the pH in the surface fluid layer was equal to that in the bulk phase, and it was concluded that these studies do not support the concept of a microclimate of distinctive pH at the epithelial surface as a determinant of weak electrolyte transport.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effect of exercise in the heat on plasma renin and aldosterone with either water or a potassium-rich electrolyte solution.

Information concerning the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system during physical exercise in the heat with adequate fluid and/or electrolyte supplement is lacking. The present study was intended to describe the changes in renin activity and serum aldosterone, serum sodium, and serum potassium in subjects receiving water or a potassium-rich electrolyte solution while exercising (50% VO2 max) for 120 min in a warm environment (32 degrees C, 50% relative humidity). This study shows that, in subjects receiving the electrolyte supplement, serum potassium is elevated slightly during the exercise period whereas serum sodium is unchanged from preexercise levels without the electrolyte supplement. Plasma renin and aldosterone levels were significantly reduced in the subjects receiving the electrolyte supplement compared to subjects receiving only water. The ingestion of the electrolyte supplement replaced 42% of the sodium and 100% of the potassium lost by way of sweat and urine while exercising in the heat.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[The effect of "standardized forced diuresis" (SFD) on serum and urinary electrolytes(author's transl)].

The effect of standardized forced diuresis (SFD) on the serum and urinary electrolyte levels was investigated in 10 cases of severe self-poisoning with hypnotic drugs. Diuresis was initiated by furosemide and maintained at an hourly urinary ouput of 2 litres. Fluid and electrolyte substitution was carried out with a standardized electrolyte solution. Initiation and termination of the SFD was performed abruptly. The mean values of sodium, potassium, chloride and phosphorus in the urine varied widely at the beginning of the SFD, while the calcium and magnesium values varied only slightly. During SFD, urinary stabilization occured at a particular ionogram, in correlation to the electrolyte concentrations in the infusion fluid and with only minimal individual variation. Owing to this satisfactory correlation, none of the patients developed signs of electrolyte disturbances, so that no correction of the infusion constitution was necessary. The abrupt termination of the SFD prevented electrolyte disturbances in the recovery phase.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Relations of weak-electrolyte transport and acid-base metabolism in rat small intestine in vitro.

The jejunal and ileal regions of rat small intestine in vitro exhibit different patterns of weak-electrolyte transport and acid-base metabolism. The jejunal pattern of weak-electrolyte transport is net transport of weak acids M yields S and of weak bases S yields M (M, mucosal; S, serosal), and the pattern of acid-base metabolism is luminal acidification and serosal alkalinization. In the absence of sodium or in the presence of metabolic inhibitors, weak-electrolyte transport and serosal alkalinization are inhibited, but luminal acidification is not inhibited. The ileal pattern of weak-electrolyte transport is the opposite of that of the jejunum and may be associated with the presence of a luminal alkalinization process observed in this region. In the absence of chloride the ileal patterns of weak-electrolyte transport and acid-base metabolism become similar to those of the jejunum. It is suggested that these observations support a previously proposed model for weak-electrolyte transport in the intestine consisting of a series three-compartment system in which the pH of the intermediate compartment is greater than that of the bulk phases.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1975

Na+-K+-activated adenosine triphosphatase and intestinal electrolyte transport. Effect of adrenal steroids.

Sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase) is associated with electrolyte transport in many tissues. To help delineate its role in intestinal transport, changes in rat intestinal electrolyte and water transport induced by injecting methylprednisolone acetate 3 mg/100 g or deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) 0.5 mg/100 g per day for 3 days were correlated with changes in Na-K-ATPase activity. Methylprednisolone increased sodium and water absorption, potassium secretion, transmural potential difference, and Na-K-ATPase activity in the jejunum, ileum, and colon. Examination of isolated epithelial cells demonstrated that the jejunal and ileal increase in Na-K-ATPase occurred in both the villus tip and crypermeability, Mg-ATPase, and adenylate cyclase activities were unchanged by methylprednisolone. DOCA increased sodium and water absorption, potassium secretion, transmural potential difference, and Na-K-ATPase activity in the colon alone. Colonic Mg-ATPase and adenylate cyclase activities were unaffected. Jejunal and ileal enzyme activity, electrolyte transport, and permeability were unchanged by DOCA. Methylprednisolone and DOCA were not additive in their effect on colonic Na-K-ATPase activity. Methylprednisolone and DOCA increased electrolyte and water transport and Na-K-ATPase activity concomitantly in specific segments of small intestine and colon. These data are consistent with an important role for Na-K-ATPase in intestinal electrolyte and water transport.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1976

Effect of aspirin on normal and cholera toxin-stimulated intestinal electrolyte transport.

The effect of aspirin on normal and cholera toxin-stimulated electrolyte transport has been investigated in vitro, because this drug appears to inhibit cholera toxin-induced intestinal secretion in in vivo animal models. In the Ussing chamber, 10 mM aspirin decreased the control rabbit ileal potential difference and short-circuit current by 50% and increased conductance by 28%. Bidirectional electrolyte flux determinations showed that aspirin significantly increased both Na and Cl absorption and reduced flux (which probably represents HCO3 secretion) to zero. This effect of aspirin appears to be identical to that reported to others with catecholamines as determined with similar techniques. However, alpha-adrenergic blockers did not prevent the electrical effects of aspirin, suggesting that aspirin does not have its effect through release of tissue stores of catecholamines. In the presence of aspirin, cholera toxin increased the potential difference and short-circuit current, and decreased the conductance of rabbit ileum in a fashion qualitatively similar to control tissues. However, aspirin reversed cholera toxin-stimulated Na transport from secretion to absorption, inhibited cholera toxin, induced Cl secretion by 58% and partially, but not significantly, inhibited HCO3 secretion. Thus, the inhibitory effect of aspirin on cholera toxin-induced electrolyte secretion appears to be due to aspirin-stimulated Na and Cl absorption. Although aspirin reduced tissue cyclic AMP concentrations in normal and cholera toxin-stimulated ileum, it also inhibited the electrolyte secretion induced by exogenous cyclic AMP. Thus, if aspirin's stimulatory effect on sodium and anion absorption in normal tissue and its inhibitory effect on cholera toxin-stimulated sodium and anion secretion involves a cyclic AMP-mediated system, the effect must be a step distal to cyclic AMP production or degradation. The exact mechanism of aspirin's effect on normal and cholera toxin-induced electrolyte transport, and its possible usefulness in the treatment of cholera diarrhea, remains to be determined.

Animals↗