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PubMed2005

Transfer of Chryseobacterium meningosepticum and Chryseobacterium miricola to Elizabethkingia gen. nov. as Elizabethkingia meningoseptica comb. nov. and Elizabethkingia miricola comb. nov.

The taxonomic positions of six strains (including the type strain) of Chryseobacterium meningosepticum (King 1959) Vandamme et al. 1994 and the type strain of Chryseobacterium miricola Li et al. 2004 were re-evaluated by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, showed that the strains represent a separate lineage from the type strains of the Chryseobacterium-Bergeyella-Riemerella branch within the family Flavobacteriaceae (90.7-93.9 % similarities), which was supported by phenotypic differences. Combined phylogenetic and phenotypic data showed that C. meningosepticum and C. miricola should be transferred to a new genus, Elizabethkingia gen. nov., with the names Elizabethkingia meningoseptica comb. nov. (type strain, ATCC 13253(T) = NCTC 10016(T) = LMG 12279(T) = CCUG 214(T)) and Elizabethkingia miricola comb. nov. (type strain, DSM 14571(T) = JCM 11413(T) = GTC 862(T)) proposed.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗

PubMed2025

In vitro and in vivo efficacy of vancomycin against Elizabethkingia species and the impact of increased vancomycin MICs.

UNLABELLED: This study aimed to evaluate the concordance of vancomycin susceptibility testing methods, its in vivo and in vitro efficacy, and the mechanisms underlying elevated MICs in Elizabethkingia spp. Vancomycin susceptibilities of 18 E. anophelis isolates were determined using multiple assays. The efficacy of vancomycin against five clinical isolates and one laboratory-induced mutant with an elevated vancomycin MIC was evaluated using time-kill assays and Galleria mellonella and murine models. Vancomycin MICs (16-32 mg/L) determined by broth microdilution were consistent with agar dilution, Etest, and MBC assay results. All isolates had zone diameters < 17 mm and were, thus, categorized as non-susceptible according to the CLSI criteria for Enterococcus spp. Time-kill assays of five clinical isolates demonstrated that vancomycin at a clinically relevant concentration (4 mg/L) exhibited poor bactericidal activity similar to that of teicoplanin. Vancomycin improved Galleria mellonella survival in a dose-dependent manner, whereas teicoplanin, dalbavancin, oritavancin, and daptomycin were ineffective. Murine models revealed that vancomycin at a human-equivalent dose (25 mg/kg twice daily) prolonged survival in most infections and modestly reduced bacterial load, while teicoplanin remained ineffective. Vancomycin efficacy was significantly reduced in G. mellonella and mice infected with a mutant strain exhibiting an elevated MIC (128 mg/L), which was attributable to spontaneous mutations in pbp4. In conclusion, E. anophelis were consistently non-susceptible to vancomycin as determined by multiple in vitro assays. However, vancomycin demonstrated unique in vivo activity among glycopeptides although this effect was abrogated by spontaneous mutations leading to elevated MICs. IMPORTANCE: Elizabethkingia anophelis is a multidrug-resistant pathogen associated with limited treatment options and high mortality. Most commonly considered agents, including fluoroquinolones, piperacillin/tazobactam, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, are increasingly compromised by resistance, toxicity, or inconsistent efficacy. Although vancomycin is not routinely used for Gram-negative infections due to limited outer membrane permeability, case reports have suggested potential benefit in Elizabethkingia infections under critical conditions. In this study, we show that E. anophelis isolates are uniformly non-susceptible to vancomycin in vitro and exhibit minimal bactericidal activity. However, vancomycin conferred a modest but statistically significant survival benefit in two independent animal models. Importantly, this effect was lost in strains with vancomycin-induced MIC elevation, and genome analysis identified pbp4 mutations as a potential underlying mechanism. These findings suggest vancomycin may offer therapeutic benefit when no preferred options are available. They support cautious use in selected cases and highlight the need for continued monitoring of susceptibility and resistance development.

Vancomycin↗

PubMed2006

Evaluation of pyrrolidonyl arylamidase for the identification of nonfermenting Gram-negative rods.

To evaluate the activity of pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR) for the differentiation and identification of nonfermenting gram negative rods (NFGNR), 293 isolates were tested. A 24 h culture of each test organism was prepared. From this a 108-109 cfu/mL suspension was added to 0.25 mL of sterile physiologic solution. A PYR disk was then added and the test was incubated for 30 minutes at 35-37 degrees C, at environmental atmosphere. Reading was done by adding 1 drop of cinnamaldehyde reagent. Strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bergeyella zoohelcum, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Bordetella hinzii, Brevundimonas diminuta, Brevundimonas vesicularis, Brucella ovis, Brucella spp., Brucella suis, Burkholderia cepacia complex, Moraxella catarrhalis, Moraxella lacunata, Moraxella nonliquefaciens, Moraxella osloensis, Oligella ureolytica, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas mendocina, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas Vb3, Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were PYR negative. On the other hand Achromobacter piechaudii, Achromobacter denitrificans, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Burkholderia gladioli, Chryseobacterium gleum-indologenes, Comamonas testosroni, Cupriavidus pauculus, Delftia acidovorans, Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, Myroides spp., Ochrobactrum anthropi, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Ralstonia pickettii, Rhizobium radiobacter, Shewanella spp., Sphingobacterium multivorum, Sphingobacterium spiritivorum, and Weeksella virosa were PYR positive. Finally, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Roseomonas spp., and Sphingomonas paucimobilis-parapaucimobilis were PYR variable. PYR testing should be considered as a useful tool to facilitate the identification of NFGNR.

Aminopeptidases↗

PubMed2005

Polyphasic study of Chryseobacterium strains isolated from diseased aquatic animals.

Members of most Chryseobacterium species occur in aquatic environments or food products, while strains of some other species are pathogenic to humans and animals. A collection of 52 Chryseobacterium sp. strains isolated from diseased fish, one frog isolate and 22 reference strains were included in a polyphasic taxonomy study. Fourteen clusters of strains were delineated following the comparison of whole-cell protein profiles. Most of these clusters were confirmed when the phenotypic and RAPD profiles and the 16S rRNA gene sequences were compared. Fatty acid composition helped differentiate the Chryseobacterium strains from members of related genera. None of the fish isolates could be allocated to the two species previously reported from fish but two isolates belonged to C. joostei, while the frog isolate was identified as Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, a human pathogen previously included in the genus Chryseobacterium. Three clusters grouping from 3 to 13 isolates will probably constitute the core of new Chryseobacterium species but all other isolates occupied separate or uncertain positions in the genus. This study further demonstrated the overall high similarity displayed by most Chryseobacterium strains whatever the technique used and the resulting difficulty in delineating new species in the genus. Members of this bacterial group should be considered potential emergent pathogens in various fish and frog species, farming conditions and geographical areas.

Animals↗