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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Is Not Detected in Osteosarcoma From KSHV-Endemic African Countries and the Non-Endemic United States Populations.

Osteosarcoma is an aggressive primary malignant bone tumor of poorly defined etiology that predominantly affects adolescents and young adults. A viral cause has long been proposed, and a recent study from Xinjiang, China, reported frequent detection of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in Uyghur osteosarcoma cases, suggesting a possible association in this KSHV-endemic population. Whether this association extends to broader populations remains unknown. Our study investigated the presence of KSHV in osteosarcoma specimens from KSHV-endemic African countries (Cameroon, Kenya, South Africa, Zambia) and the non-endemic United States. A total of 356 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded and fresh-frozen specimens were retrieved or prospectively collected. In 77 selected high-quality specimens, KSHV infection was assessed by immunohistochemistry for LANA1 and by qPCR targeting 5 viral open reading frames (ORF25, ORF26, ORF37, ORF65, and ORF73). LANA1 expression was undetectable in all tumors. Using qPCR, 75/77 specimens were negative for all targets, 1/77 excluded due to insufficient remaining DNA quantity to perform the assay, and 1/77 positive across all five targets. Additionally, we studied the KSHV seroprevalence in a separate cohort comprised of 49 sera obtained from individuals with osteosarcoma from Zambia (n = 39) and the United States (n = 10). We measured by ELISA the presence of specific antibodies against four KSHV antigens: K8.1, KCP, VCA, and LANA1. KSHV seropositivity was detected in 15/39 individuals from Zambia and none from the United States. In the absence of compelling evidence, our findings could not support an association between KSHV infection and osteosarcoma in our study population.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

47Ca turnover in endemic fluorosis and endemic genu valgum.

1. Calcium turnover was determined after intravenous injection of radioactive 47Ca in patients with fluorosis and endemic genu valgum and in age-matched controls. Total Ca turnover in the body, loss of Ca from the body in urine, faeces and sweat (external turnover) and bone mineralization rate were calculated from whole-body retention of 47Ca and specific activity of 47Ca in serum. 2. Total Ca turnover was significantly higher in younger subjects than in older subjects. 3. Total Ca turnover was significantly higher in patients with fluorosis and in those with endemic genu valgum than in age-matched controls, but the external turnover of Ca was lower in both groups of patients than in controls. 4. Bone mineralization rate was significantly higher in patients with fluorosis and in those with genu valgum as compared to age-matched controls. 5. Total body Ca turnover and bone mineralization rates were significantly higher in patients with endemic genu valgum than in those with fluorosis. The differences persited even after adjusting for differences in age between patients with fluorosis and those with genu valgum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The effect of iodized oil on the TSH response to TRH in endemic goiter patients.

The TSH and T3 response to synthetic TRH was evaluated in 4 groups of patients: normal controls and goitrous subjects from the urban area of Sao Paulo (urinary iodine excretion: 172.2 +/- 48.3 mug I/g creatinine) and nongoitrous and goitrous subjects from the endemic areas of Sao Bento (urinary iodine excretion: 53.8 +/- 17.1 mug I/g). Plasma T4 and T3 were within our normal range in all groups of patients. The mean plasma TSH was significantly higher (5.2 +/- 3.3 muU/ml) in goitrous subjects living in Sao Bento as compared to normal control groups both in urban or endemic areas, and after TRH these patients had an exaggerated and sustained TSH response with a significantly higher peak level (21.1 +/- 7.9 muU/ml). T3 concentration rose in all subjects following TRH and all patients from the Sao Bento endemic areas had a significantly higher proportionate increase in plasma T3 at 120 min. After an injection of iodized oil basal plasma TSH returned to the normal range in the goitrous subjects from Sao Bento. The mean peak TSH response to TRH was 9.1 +/- 3.8 muU/ml at 3 months after the iodized oil injection, and only at 6 months after the iodized oil TSH response was significantly reduced (peak level: 6.1 +/- 2.4 muU/ml). It is confirmed that plasma TSH levels are increased in endemic goitrous patients but not in normal controls living in the same endemic area and it is suggested that the pituitary threshold for inhibition of secretion of TSH by T4 and T3 has been reset in these goitrous subjects to achieve a persistently higher secretion rate of TSH.

Brazil↗
PubMed1978

Iodide organification defect in iodine deficiency endemic goiter.

In 17 goitrous persons in an iodine-deficient area, in 23 nongoitrous inhabitants of the same village, in 10 goitrous persons in Athens, and 8 normal controls the perchlorate discharge test was performed, either in the simple standard form or after pretreatment with either 0.5 or 2.0 mg potassium iodide or 2.5 mg carbimazole. With the simple test or with 0.5 mg potassium iodide, there was no significant discharge in any group studied. With 2.5 mg carbimazole, there was a profound discharge of the trapped iodide in both groups in the iodine-deficient area. With 2.0 mg potassium iodide, however, there was a clear discharge in the two goitrous groups (i.e. the one in the endemic area and the second in Athens), a less pronounced discharge in the controls studied in Athens, and no discharge at all in the nongoitrous inhabitants of the iodine-deficient endemic area. These findings provide evidence for an abnormality present in the patients with endemic goiter, most probably faulty iodine utilization due to impaired organic binding. The nongoitrous persons in the endemic areas, on the other hand, seem to be even more efficient in handling the trapped iodide than the controls studied in Athens. These findings may provide an explanation for previous observations that in endemic areas only part of the population develop a goiter, whereas the others adapt successfully to iodine deficiency without significantly enlarging their glands.

Child↗
PubMed1978

beta2-Microglobulin in Balkan endemic nephropathy.

The results of low molecular weight (LMW) proteinuria test in urines of patients and suspect subjects in an endemic area of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) in Yugoslavia are reported. An accordance between the positive LMW test and the clinical diagnosis of BEN has been found in more than 70%. The authors claim that LMW immunodiffusion test is a very useful procedure for detecting BEN and a great aid in the epidemiological work in the endemic field. The results of determining beta2-microglobuline (beta2m) in serums and urines by radioimmunoassay technique as well as counting of clearances of endogenous creatinine in healthy persons, "endangered" subjects in endemic area, and BEN patients without azotemia, with azotemia and uremia are reported. The group of 17 patients suffering of BEN without azotemia having slightly or more markedly lowered creatinine clearances showed higher serum and much higher urinary concentration of beta2m which are not in proportion with creatinine clearance. The results are interpreted so far as a consequence of the predominant tubular lesion in BEN. In groups of patients with azotemia and uremia no differences in beta2m handling have been found. The report has a preliminary character and requires further study.

Beta-Globulins↗
PubMed1977

Hypothyroidism in an area of endemic goiter and cretinism in Central Java, Indonesia.

In an area of severe endemic goiter in Central Java, Indonesia, clinical overt or mild hypothyroidism appeared to be present in 7 out of 20 cretins and also in 12 out of 94 non-cretinous subjects, all 5-20 years of age, living in the village of Sengi. Hypothyroidism was not found in a control group of 70 subjects of the same age living in Londjong just outside the edemia. In hypothyroid subjects the plasma PBI-concentration was 0.98+/-0.32 mug/100 ml (mean+/-SD) vs. 2.72+/-1.24 mug/100 ml in euthyroid subjects from Sengi and 4.86+/-0.80 mug/100 ml in controls from Londjong. Values for T3 were 56.3+/-3.17 ng/100 ml in hypothyroids, 140.5+/-38.5 ng/100 ml in euthyroids from Sengi and 121.6+/-27.4 ng/100 ml in controls. The TSH levels (geometric mean and range) in these 3 groups were, respectively, 210.1 (108.0-342), 15.6 (3.0-372) and 4.1 (0.8-7.0) muU/ml. The differences between the mean concentration of PBI, T3 and TSH in the hypothyroid and euthyroid groups were highly significant (P less than 0.001). These data strengthen the clinical diagnosis of hypothyroidism in cretins as well as in non-cretinous subjects. All hypothyroid subjects had a PBI less than 1.8 mug/100 ml and T3 less than 120 ng/100 ml and TSH greater than 100 muU/ml. In 8 hypothyroid subjects, restudied 18 months after iodized oil injection, hypothyroidism was either corrected or markedly improved. It therefore appears that iodine deficiency per se in postnatal life may lead to (juvenile) hypothyroidism, which can be corrected by iodine therapy. Our findings have implications for the definition and diagnosis of endemic cretinism. Not all hypothyroid subjects in an area of endemic iodine deficiency should be classified as cretins.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of iodine and manganese in the etiology of endemic goiter in the Martuksk region of the Aktubinsk district].

Iodine deficiency in the external environment served as the main etiological factor of endemic goiter. Low iodine content in the soil (1.8-390 mg/kg) undoubtedly served as the cause of endemic goiter development. Water from the sources of the Martuksk district contained iodine in low concentration. Soils of the Martuksk district are characterized by an acute deficiency of mobile manganese. Manganese concentration in the arable soil layer (16.9-75.4 mg/kg) was regarded as reduced, this being characteristic of the foci of goiter endemia. Water manganese content (from 66 to 186 microgram/1, 99.45 +/- 10.6 microgram/1, on the average) was below the maximal permissible concentrations indicated in the International standard for drinking water. Iodine, manganese content in the soil, food products and in the water of the Martuksk district of the Aktyubinsk region indicated a reverse relationship between iodine and manganese content and the extent of endemic goiter spread.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed1979

Heterogenity of serotypes of Neisseria meningitidis that cause endemic disease.

Three collections of strains of Neisseria meningitidis that caused meningococcal disease during nonepidemic periods were serotyped to determine whether serotypes that cause endemic disease are more heterogeneous than those responsible for epidemic disease. Thirty-four strains isolated from pediatric patients in Houston, Texas, from February 1977 to March 1978 were of three separate serogroups and 11 serotypes; 27 contemporary (1977-1978) strains from predominantly military populations, obtained nationwide, were of six serogroups and six serotypes, while 11 strains isolated at military posts in the southwest United States from 1970 through 1976 were of four serogroups and five serotypes. Between 9% and 20% of the strains were nontypable, while type II strains which were responsible for the epidemics in the Northern and Western Hemispheres earlier in the 1970's, accounted for only 20%-44% of the strains. In contast to epidemics, which appear to be caused by a single serotype, endemic meningococcal disease appears to be caused by a broad, heterogeneous distribution of serotypes. Thus, development of a serotype-specific vaccine may have limited application to the prevention of endemic meningococcal disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Ochratoxin A contamination of foodstuffs in an area with Balkan (endemic) nephropathy.

Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxic fungal metabolite (mycotoxin) occurring in foodstuffs. The compound is causally associated with mycotoxic porcine nephropathy, a disease comparable with a human kidney disease, Balkan (endemic) nephropathy. A survey of 768 samples of foodstuffs (cereals and bread), locally produced in an area of Yugoslavia where Balkan (endemic) nephropathy is prevalent, has revealed that ochratoxin A is constantly present in parts of foodstuffs. The mean frequency of ochratoxin A contamination of cereals in the study period was 8.7 per cent, but a pronounced annual variation was encountered, with frequencies of contamination up to 43 per cent. These contamination frequencies are higher than those reported elsewhere for foodstuffs for human consumption. Thus further evidence is provided to support the hypothesis that ochratoxin A might by a disease determinant of Balkan (endemic) nephropathy.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

High connectivity and genetic diversity in the Endangered endemic white-spotted sand bass 'camotillo' (Paralabrax albomaculatus) within the Galápagos Marine Reserve.

BACKGROUND: Paralabrax albomaculatus, known as the camotillo or white-spotted sand bass, is a finfish endemic to the Galápagos Islands. An important species in the artisanal fishery, P. albomaculatus has undergone heavy population declines in recent decades, and is categorised as Endangered by the IUCN. Despite its socio-economic importance and endemic status, nothing is currently known about the population structure of the species, impeding evidence-based fisheries management. In this study, we use microsatellite markers to investigate its population structure and genetic diversity over the east, south and west of the Galápagos archipelago. RESULTS: We found evidence of high connectivity across the archipelago, with the species constituting a single population. We also found that genetic diversity was high, despite fishing pressure and recorded ongoing population declines. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that P. albomaculatus should be managed as a single fishery stock across the Galápagos. As a single-population species and fishery, managers should also be aware that P. albomaculatus is inherently vulnerable to perturbation as recruitment from other populations is not possible in the event of population decline. However, high genetic diversity gives cause for cautious optimism regarding the genetic capacity for resilience of the population to novel environmental stressors. These results should aid in the implementation of a species-specific management plan for this Galápagos endemic.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hygienic evaluation of the nutrition of the population in relation to endemic urolithiasis in the Chuvash ASSR].

By looking into the alimentary habits of the rural population residing in the urolithiasis endemic and non-endemic districts of the Chuvash ASSR the author ascertained definite differences in the content of calcium, silicon, strontium, manganese and cadmium in food rations of representative population groups under comparison. In the authors' opinion an elevated content of calcium, strontium, silicon, manganese and cadmium in food rations in inhabitants of the urolithiasis endemic districts is responsible for the urolithias endemy in the south-western areas of the republic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[An endemic area of sporotrichosis in Guatemala].

An endemic area of sporotrichosis is described in the Lake of Ayarza District, South Guatemala, where 53 patients have been observed within 3 years. In 45.3% of the cases, the infection appeared after handling fish. The disease was more frequently observed in man (83%) and in patients less than 30 years of age. The most frequent clinical type was the ascending lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis of the limbs. Some cases of ulcerative or verrucous lesions were seen. Almost all the patients cured rapidly either by potassium iodide (46 patients) or spontaneously, or after application of local heat (4 patients). Intradermal tests were performed in healthy population in the endemic area and, for comparison, in Guatemala City. Whole yeast cell antigens of Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras were used in these tests. Skin tests to both antigens were more frequently positive in the endemic area; the highest frequency was obtained with the antigen of C. stenoceras. A serological study was performed in 26 patients. The fluorescent antibody staining technique was more sensitive than yeast cell and latex particles agglutinations. C. stenoceras was isolated from bark of some trees, especially Eucalyptus, in the environment, but not S. schenckii.

Agglutination↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Application of mathematical methods to the study of familial aggregation in endemic nephropathy. I. The hypothesis of infectious etiology.

Among many etiological factors, infection and the genetic factor are the main two causes which could explain the familial aggregation of endemic nephropathy (EN). The data collected over all the EN cases during 1957--1976 in the endemic village Bistriţa have been analysed for time-space clustering and a particular type of spatial clustering (within household) by the Knox's space-time interaction test and Walter's pair statistic test. The lack of clustering could be interpreted as suggesting the lack of infection (human transmission pattern) in the occurrence of endemic nephropathy.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Endemicity of cholera in Surabaya, Indonesia.

As the seventh pandemic of cholera is caused by V. cholerae biotype El Tor, the former criteria for endemicity of cholera need to be reconsidered as regards their applicability in areas that are infected with cholera. As the mortality rate of cholera nowadays can be reduced to a very low level due to modern methods of treatment, it is suggested that the infection rates of cholera should be taken into consideration as criteria of cholera endemicity, i.e. 1. Five years persistence of cholera cases in a given area. 2. Five percent infection rate among family contacts of cholera cases. 3. Minimum infection rate of 1% in a vicinity where cholera cases occur. It was also found that in such an endemic area it is very difficult to eliminate V. cholerae infection from a locality, even when all family contacts are treated with the full dose of tetracycline.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Topographical distribution of Balkan endemic nephropathy in Serbia (Yugoslavia).

Topographical characteristics of 91 settlements affected by endemic nephropathy in Serbia--the region most frequently attacked by the disease--were analyzed and compared with the other known endemic areas in Yugoslavia. Numerical data were provided on the common characteristics of the affected villages--vicinity of a Danube tributary and low altitude. It was pointed out that only two endemic settlements lie above the altitude of 300 m. It is therefore suggested that investigation of the hydrogeological structure of these villages may provide valuable data, if an agent in water or soil is searched for.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

The Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumors.

Topographical distribution of the Balkan endemic nephropathy and tumors of urinary organs was investigated in the most affected region -- Central Serbia (Yugoslavia). The data expose that there is an association of endemic nephropathy and tumors of the pelvis and ureters, but not of the bladder. Disagreement related to the kind and degree of correlation of endemic nephropathy and tumors of the urinary organs is explained by insufficient knowledge of the problem rather than by influence of different ecological factors.

Disease Reservoirs↗