Tissue engineering as a subdivision of bioprocess engineering: reparative tissue engineering as a subspecialty of tissue engineering.
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Animals↗
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Tissue engineering in the cardiovascular system: progress toward a tissue engineered heart.
Achieving the lofty goal of developing a tissue engineered heart will likely rely on progress in engineering the various components: blood vessels, heart valves, and cardiac muscle. Advances in tissue engineered vascular grafts have shown the most progress to date. Research in tissue-engineered vascular grafts has focused on improving scaffold design, including mechanical properties and bioactivity; genetically engineering cells to improve graft performance; and optimizing tissue formation through in vitro mechanical conditioning. Some of these same approaches have been used in developing tissue engineering heart valves and cardiac muscle as well. Continued advances in scaffold technology and a greater understanding of vascular cell biology along with collaboration among engineers, scientists, and physicians will lead to further progress in the field of cardiovascular tissue engineering and ultimately the development of a tissue-engineered heart.
Animals↗
The application of ethics to engineering and the engineer's moral responsibility: perspectives for a research agenda.
There are different possibilities for defining the areas for the application of ethics to engineering. They range from descriptive analysis of engineers' relationship to moral criteria and extend to normative issues on how engineers should design more "sustainable" technology. In this paper, a frame of reference is proposed, which makes it possible to elaborate in a transparent manner goals for analysis of the scope of ethics in engineering Its point of departure is marked by two questions. 1) which types of situation in the practice of engineering require ethical reflection? and 2) to what extent are engineers expected to assume moral responsibility in the practice of their profession? The answers to both of these questions presuppose reflection on the societal processes of setting definitions and of making ascriptions. Understanding these processes of societal "construction" of demands for ethical reflection in engineering and of engineers' moral responsibilities should be an important objective of the analysis of ethics in engineering.
Decision Making↗
Engineering the just war: examination of an approach to teaching engineering ethics.
The efficiency of engineering applied to civilian projects sometimes threatens to run away with the social agenda, but in military applications, engineering often adds a devastating sleekness to the inevitable destruction of life. The relative crudeness of terrorism (e.g., 9/11) leaves a stark after-image, which belies the comparative insignificance of random (as opposed to orchestrated) belligerence. Just as engineering dwarfs the bricolage of vernacular design 'moving us past the appreciation of brush-strokes, so to speak' the scale of engineered destruction makes it difficult to focus on the charred remains of individual lives. Engineers need to guard against the inappropriate military subsumption of their effort. Fortunately, the ethics of warfare has been an ongoing topic of discussion for millennia. This paper will examine the university core class I've developed (The Moral Dimensions of Technology) to meet accreditation requirements in engineering ethics, and the discussion with engineering and non-engineering students focused by the life of electrical engineer Vannevar Bush, with selected readings in moral philosophy from the Dao de Jing, Lao Tze, Cicero, Aurelius Augustinus, Kant, Annette Baier, Peter Singer, Elizabeth Anscombe, Philippa Foot, and Judith Thomson.
Engineering↗
Recommended roles and responsibilities for chartered engineers, incorporated engineers and engineering technicians.
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Certification↗
Incontinence: the engineering challenge. Proceedings of a seminar sponsored by the Continence Foundation, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the Association of Institutions concerned with Medical Engineering. 2001.
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Biomedical Engineering↗
Specialized medical search-engines are no better than general search-engines in sourcing consumer information about androgen deficiency.
BACKGROUND: The Internet provides consumers with access to online health information; however, identifying relevant and valid information can be problematic. Our objectives were firstly to investigate the efficiency of search-engines, and then to assess the quality of online information pertaining to androgen deficiency in the ageing male (ADAM). METHODS: Keyword searches were performed on nine search-engines (four general and five medical) to identify website information regarding ADAM. Search-engine efficiency was compared by percentage of relevant websites obtained via each search-engine. The quality of information published on each website was assessed using the DISCERN rating tool. RESULTS: Of 4927 websites searched, 47 (1.44%) and 10 (0.60%) relevant websites were identified by general and medical search-engines respectively. The overall quality of online information on ADAM was poor. The quality of websites retrieved using medical search-engines did not differ significantly from those retrieved by general search-engines. CONCLUSION: Despite the poor quality of online information relating to ADAM, it is evident that medical search-engines are no better than general search-engines in sourcing consumer information relevant to ADAM.
Androgens↗
Clinical engineering in today's hospital: perspectives of the administrator and the clinical engineer.
In 1987-88, the first of two surveys conducted questioned the administrator's viewpoint on choice of reporting authority for plant operations and clinical engineering departments as well as the job satisfaction and prestige associated with these responsibilities. The second tested the response of clinical engineers on similar issues as well as the effect of certain organizational factors on their degree of functional involvement in the equipment-management process. In the first survey, two-thirds of the administrators chose a structure that, as shown in the second survey, leads to a higher degree of involvement and satisfaction for clinical engineers. Other organizational factors that have an effect are: the type of hospital (teaching and nonteaching), the presence of qualified university-degree engineers, and ensuring that the clinical engineering role within the health care institution is recognized and supported. Teaching hospitals are found to provide a better climate than nonteaching ones for the support of the research and education activities. Clinical engineering departments, whose role has been recognized and supported by their institution, are more substantially involved in all aspects of the equipment-management process than those who are still seeking this recognition. Finally, departments where university-degree engineers have been hired again show more involvement and commitment to the quality and efficiency of their operation.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
To engineer is to create: the link between engineering and regeneration.
Tissue engineering is a radically different approach to reconstruction of the body following degenerative diseases, trauma or chronic debilitating conditions. Although there have been some successes, tissue engineering is not yet delivering significant progress in terms of clinical outcomes and commercialization. Part of the problem is that we have failed to understand what tissue engineering really means and to appreciate that engineering is synonymous with creation. These processes involve many different phases and there has been minimal integration of these phases within tissue-engineering paradigms. The conventional concept, based upon a temporal sequence from sourcing cells through to the incorporation of generated tissue into a host, has to be transformed by a systems engineering approach in which all biological and technological phases, and the inter-relationships between them, are fully integrated. It might be that real success will not be achieved until systems biology is superimposed onto this systems engineering paradigm.
Bioreactors↗
Rheumatic complaints among Swedish engine drivers in relation to the dimensions of the driver's cab in the Rc engine.
This paper compares the occurrence of rheumatic complaints among male engine drivers with their body measurements and with the dimensions of the cab in the Rc Swedish engine. 150 Swedish engine drivers were interviewed regarding symptoms from the musculoskeletal system. Relevant anthropometric measurements were obtained from each subject and compared with similar dimensions on a symptom free group of drivers matched for age. Data concerning the dimensions of the cab in the Rc engine were obtained from drawings and measurements of the cab. The results indicate that engine drivers with complaints in the lower back, neck and/or shoulders and/or the lower extremities were significantly shorter than controls in those anthropometric measurements related to correct sitting posture. Since the cab of the Rc engine is designed for tall engine drivers, the shorter driver appears to be at risk. Recommendations for cab designs suitable for all potential male and female drivers are appended.
Journal Article↗
Testing the utility of rationally engineered recombinant collagen-like proteins for applications in tissue engineering.
Collagens are attractive proteins as materials for tissue engineering. Over the last decade, significant progress has been made in developing technologies for large-scale production of native-like human recombinant collagens. Yet, the rational design of customized collagen-like proteins for smart biomaterials to enhance the quality of engineered tissues has not been explored. We mapped the D4 domain of human collagen II as most critical for supporting migration of chondrocytes and used this information to genetically engineer a collagen-like protein consisting of tandem repeats of the D4 domain (mD4 collagen). This novel collagen has been utilized to fabricate a scaffold for support of chondrocytes. We determined superior qualities of cartilaginous constructs created by chondrocytes cultured in scaffolds containing the mD4 collagen in comparison to those formed by chondrocytes cultured in bare scaffolds or those coated with wild-type collagen II. Our results are a first attempt to rationally engineer collagen-like proteins with characteristics tailored for specific needs of cartilage engineering and provide a basis for rational engineering of similar proteins for a variety of biomedical applications.
Cartilage↗
Reverse engineering the embryo: a graduate course in developmental biology for engineering students at the University of Manitoba, Canada.
Our desire to educate engineers to be able to understand the component processes of embryogenesis, is driven by the notion that only when principles borrowed from mathematics, fluid mechanics, materials science, etc. are applied to classical problems in developmental biology, will sufficient comprehension be achieved to permit successful understanding and therapeutic manipulation of embryos. As it now stands, biologists seldom possess either skills or interest in those areas of endeavor. Thus, we have determined that it is easier to educate engineers in the principles of developmental biology than to help biologists deal with the complexities of engineering. We describe a graduate course that has been taken, between 1999 and 2002, by 17 engineering students. Our goal is to prepare them to reverse engineer the embryo, i.e., to look at it as an object or process whose construction, albeit self-construction, might be explicable in terms of engineering principles applied at molecular, cellular and whole embryo levels.
Developmental Biology↗
Are engineers unsung heroes of medical progress?: the historic bond between physics, engineering, and medicine.
This review traces the heretofore unsung hero role of engineering in the evolution of today's healthcare and the growing bond between physics, engineering, and medicine. It recognizes the debt owed to the various specialties of healthcare engineering, especially the bioengineers who contribute not only to a better understanding of basic physiologic and pathologic processes but also to the development and application of technology and the adaptation of new engineering discoveries to medicine. In the past half-millennium, the fields of physics, engineering, and medicine have made a large number of seminal contributions to each other, resulting in ever-advancing healthcare methodologies, although only a precious few remain identified by the originators' names. In this review, 3 engineers are cited in detail for their milestone contributions to medical progress: Roentgen in radiology, Bovie in electrosurgery, and, more recently, Greatbatch in implantable cardiac pacemakers. Future horizons in medicine appear to be ever more attainable because of the synergism between the physical and biological sciences.
Biomedical Engineering↗
[Basic problems of staff training in medical engineering management at the N.E, Bauman Moscow State Engineering University].
The topicality of staff training in medical engineering management in the sphere of medicine and medical engineering is dictated by that the substantiated and flexible strategy in purchasing foreign medical equipment and drugs and supporting purely Russian biomedical technologies must be one of the first steps of health public reforms in Russia. As early as 1992, the N. E. Bauman Moscow State Engineering University was the first that organize to train staff in business and management in biomedical engineering and health public. The accumulated experiment was put in the development of new curricula by the supplementary education system. Interdisciplinary training in medical engineering marketing and management was organized, thus providing both additional education for specialists having complete and incomplete higher education who received diplomas of a management bachelor or master and through training of students who got diplomas of an engineer and diplomas of a management bachelor at the international level.
Biomedical Engineering↗
Does genetic engineering need genetic engineers?: should the regulation of genetic engineering include a new professional discipline?
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Advisory Committees↗
Antiandrogenic activity of extracts of diesel exhaust particles emitted from diesel-engine truck under different engine loads and speeds.
To clarify the alteration of androgenic and antiandrogenic activities by diesel engine conditions, we collected diesel exhaust particles (DEP) samples emitted from a diesel-engine truck under different conditions of engine loads and vehicle speeds, and DEP extract (DEPE) samples were prepared from each. The androgenic and antiandrogenic activities of the DEPE samples were examined using a prostate specific antigen (PSA) promoter-luciferase reporter gene assay in PC3/AR human prostate cancer cells. While all DEPE samples did not exhibit androgenic effects, the antiandrogenic effects were enhanced by higher engine load but not by higher vehicle speed. In this study, significant correlations between antiandrogenic and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonistic activities were demonstrated in PC3/AR cells by 16 polycyclic aromatic compounds and beta-naphthoflavone. Yeast two-hybrid assay and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 promoter-luciferase reporter gene assay showed that the antiandrogenic constituents acting as androgen receptor (AR) antagonists and AhR agonists were increased by only the higher engine load. In conclusion, the antiandrogenic effects of DEPE samples were enhanced by a higher engine load which resulted in DEPC samples with elevated AhR agonistic and AR antagonistic activities.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Clinical engineering practicum: a new approach in clinical engineering education.
The emerging concept of a clinical engineer is that of a practitioner of engineering science as it applies to hospital medical devices and the technology of health care delivery. Therefore, in addition to the theoretical and scientific aspects of the clinical engineer's education, there must also be some form of experiential education under proper guidance. For most university-based clinical engineering programs, this takes the form of a hospital internship. The transition between the academic environment to the hospital environment is not always a smooth one, as there is a type of "culture shock" brought on by the new and extremely demanding situation encountered in the hospital. In an effort to improve the transition from university to hospital and allow the student to focus more sharply on his or her professional goals, the concept of the clinical engineering practicum was developed. Its function is to be an introductory learning experience and half-way point between the hospital and the university.
Biomedical Engineering↗
Inverse metabolic engineering: a strategy for directed genetic engineering of useful phenotypes.
The classical method of metabolic engineering, identifying a rate-determining step in a pathway and alleviating the bottleneck by enzyme overexpression, has motivated much research but has enjoyed only limited practical success. Intervention of other limiting steps, of counter-balancing regulation, and of unknown coupled pathways often confounds this direct approach. Here the concept of inverse metabolic engineering is codified and its application is illustrated with several examples. Inverse metabolic engineering means the elucidation of a metabolic engineering strategy by: first, identifying, constructing, or calculating a desired phenotype; second, determining the genetic or the particular environmental factors conferring that phenotype; and third, endowing that phenotype on another strain or organism by directed genetic or environmental manipulation. This paradigm has been successfully applied in several contexts, including elimination of growth factor requirements in mammalian cell culture and increasing the energetic efficiency of microaerobic bacterial respiration.
Animals↗